1874, Charles Nordhoff,Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands[2], New York: Harper & Brothers, page92:
The manner of preparingawa is peculiarly disgusting. The root is chewed by women, and the spit out well-chewed mouthfuls into a calabash.
1900, Oliver P. Emerson, “The Awa Habit of the Hawaiians”, inAll about Hawaii: The Recognized Book of Authentic Information on Hawaii, Combined with Thrum's Hawaiian Annual and Standard Guide[3], Honolulu: Honolulu Gazette Co., page131:
Theawa plant is a species of pepper, thepiper methysticum of the botanist, and is described as having fleshy stems from two to three feet high.
1911 October 26, Daniel Logan, editor,The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist[4], volume 8, Honolulu, Hawaii, page356:
The majority say that there is littleawa growing wild on Government lands, the bulk of that at present in the market being obtained from cultivated patches.
Anintoxicating drink made from the kava plant, typically the root.
1900, Oliver P. Emerson, “The Awa Habit of the Hawaiians”, inAll about Hawaii: The Recognized Book of Authentic Information on Hawaii, Combined with Thrum's Hawaiian Annual and Standard Guide[5], Honolulu: Honolulu Gazette Co., page134:
The Hawaiian gods were supposed to be particularly addicted to the use ofawa. Songs were sung in praise of the drink.
1910, S. M. Kanakau, “Ancient Hawaiian Religious Beliefs and Ceremonies”, in Thros. G. Thrum, editor,The Hawaiian Annual for 1911[6], Honolulu: Thros. G. Thrum, page150:
When the prayer had finished, theawa was drunk and the sacred feast then began.
^Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) “awa”, inHawaiian Dictionary, revised & enlarged edition, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press,→ISBN, page33
^Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “awa”, inPOLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
^Ross, Malcolm D., Pawley, Andrew, Osmond, Meredith (2008)The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 2: The Physical Environment, Canberra: Australian National University,→ISBN, pages116-7
Other Polynesian languages generally retain the Proto-Polynesian meaning (e.g. Samoan andHawaiianawa); the Māori cognate gains an additional new meaning of "river" as the large rivers observed in newly explored New Zealand were perceived more similar to channels than the small streams (Proto-Polynesian*waitafe “flowing waters” corresponding towaitahe – see alsoHawaiianwaikahe,Tonganvaitafe,Samoanvaitafe)[2] known by the Māori's prior ancestors.[3]
^Ross, Malcolm D., Pawley, Andrew, Osmond, Meredith (2008)The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 2: The Physical Environment, Canberra: Australian National University,→ISBN, pages116-7
^Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “wai-tafe”, inPOLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
^Bruce Biggs (1994) “New Words for a New World”, in A. K. Pawley, M. D. Ross, editors,Austronesian Terminologies: Continuity and Change (Pacific Linguistics Series C;127),Australian National University,→DOI, page25
B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “awa”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
^Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “awa”, inSłownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
^Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera (1887)El sanscrito en la lengua tagalog[1] (in Spanish), Paris: Imprimerie de la Faculté de Médecine, A. Davy, page18
1 Except foryín, object pronouns have a high tone following a low or mid tone monosyllabic verb, and a mid tone following a high tone. For complex verbs, the tone does not change.
