1691,John Ray, “Psalm 104. 24.How Manifold are thy Works O Lord? In Wisdom hast thou made them all.”, inThe Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation.[…], London:[…] Samuel Smith,[…],→OCLC,pages11–12:
There is no greater, at leaſt no more palpable and convincingArgument of the Exiſtence of a Deity than the admirable Art and Wiſdom that diſcovers itſelf in the make and conſtitution, the order and diſpoſition, the ends and uſes of all the parts and members of this ſtately fabrick of Heaven and Earth.
Says Plowdon [i.e.,Edmund Plowden], the whale so caught belongs to the King and Queen, “because of its superior excellence.” And by the soundest commentators this has ever been held a cogentargument in such matters.
2001,Mark Sainsbury, “Validity”, inLogical Forms: An Introduction to Philosophical Logic, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire:Blackwell Publishing,→ISBN,§ 8, page35:
Consider theargument: /15) I am hungry; therefore I am hungry. / Intuitively this should count as valid. But suppose we thought of the components ofarguments as sentences, and suppose we imagine the context shifting between the utterance of the premise and the utterance of the conclusion. Suppose you are hungry and utter the premise, and I am not hungry and utter the conclusion. Then we would have a true premise and a false conclusion, so theargument would not be valid. Clearly we need to avoid such problems, and introducing the notion of a proposition, in the style of this section, is one way of doing so.
In ‘The Critic of Arguments’ (1892),[Charles Sanders] Peirce adopts a notion that is even closer to that of a propositional function. There he develops the concept of the ‘rhema’. He says the rhema is like a relative term, but it is not a term. It contains a copula, that is, when joined to the correct number ofarguments it produces an assertion. For example, ‘__ is bought by __ from __ for __’ is a four-place rhema. Applying it to four objectsa,b,c, andd produces the assertion thata is bought byb fromc ford[…].
Indeed, I cannot commend my life; for I am conſcious to my ſelf of many failings: therein, I know alſo that a man by his converſation, may ſoon overthrow what byargument or perſwaſion he doth labour to faſten upon others for their good:[…]
Meanwhile, the authoritarianism, which has turned left-liberalism into a movement for sneaks and prudes, was always going to play into the hands of the right. Free citizens have stopped listening to those who respond to the challenge ofargument by screaming for the police to arrest the politically incorrect or for universities to ban speakers who depart from leftish orthodoxy.
If I would broach the veſſels of my loue, / And try theargument of hearts, by borrowing, / Men, and mens fortunes, could I frankely vſe / As I can bid thee ſpeake.
Ar[mado]. Come hither, come hither: How did thisargument begin. Boy. By ſaying that aCoſtard was broken in a ſhin, Then cald you for theLenuoy [i.e. l'envoy]. Clow[ne;i.e.,Costard]. True, and I for aPlantan, thus came yourargument in, Then the boyes fatLenuoy, the Gooſe that you bought, and he ended the market.
Steve got in a physicalargument with his neighbor and came away with a black eye.
While biking home, he got in anargument with the pavement.
2022 January 26, John Crosse, “When the tide turned to a safer railway...”, inRAIL, number949, page 52, photo caption:
D5131 has received extensive cab damage, having been in anargument with Class 37 D6855 at Inverness in August 1971 - one of two accidents that occurred there on August 20.
1988,Andrew Radford, “The Lexicon”, inTransformational Grammar: A First Course (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:Cambridge University Press, published1999,→ISBN, section 7.10 (Thematic Relations),pages372–373:
In numerous works over the past two decades, beginning with the pioneering work of Gruber (1965), Fillmore (1968a), and Jackendoff (1972), it has been argued that eachArgument (i.e. Subject or Complement) of a Predicate bears a particularthematic role (aliastheta-role, orθ-role to its Predicate), and that the set ofthematic functions whichArguments can fulfil are drawn from a highly restricted, finite, universal set.
Parameters are like labelled fillable blanks used to define a function whereasarguments are passed to a function when calling it, filling in those blanks.
On, on, you Nobliſh Engliſh, / Whoſe blood is fet from Fathers of Warre-proofe: / Fathers, that like ſo manyAlexanders, / Haue in theſe parts from Morne till Euen fought, / And ſheath’d their Swords, for lack ofargument.
[I]n vttering the ſtuffe ye receiued of the one, in declaring the order ye tooke with the other, ye ſhall neuer lacke, neither matter, nor maner, what to write, nor how to write in this kinde ofArgument.
O know ſweet loue I alwaies write of you, And you and loue are ſtill myargument:[…]
1667,John Milton, “Book VI”, inParadise Lost.[…], London:[…] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker[…];[a]nd by Robert Boulter[…];[a]nd Matthias Walker,[…],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books:[…], London: Basil Montagu Pickering[…],1873,→OCLC, lines81–86:
[N]earer view / Briſtl'd with upright beams innumerable / Of rigid Spears, and Helmets throng'd, and Shields / Various, with boaſtfulArgument portraid, / The banded Powers ofSatan haſting on / With furious expedition;[…]
(parameter at a function call): some authors regard the use ofargument to mean “formal parameter” to be imprecise, preferring thatargument be used to refer only to the value that is used to instantiate theparameter at runtime, whileparameter refers only to the name in the function definition that will be instantiated.
[I]t is moſt certaine, that afterHerodotus and other auncient writers, it is ſafer to call theſe [elephants' tusks] teeth, then hornes; and I will breefly ſet downe the reaſons ofPhiloſtratus, that will haue them to be teeth, and afterward ofGrapaldus [i.e., Francesco Mario Grapaldi],Aelianus, andPauſanias, that would make them horns, and ſo leaue the reader to conſider whether opinion he thinketh moſt agreeable to truth.[…] Thus theyargument for the horns of Elephants.
1637,[George Gillespie], “That the Ceremonies are Unlawfull, because They are Monuments of By-past Idolatry,[…]”, inA Dispvte against the English-Popish Ceremonies Obtrvded vpon the Chvrch of Scotland.[…],[Leiden]: [[…] W. Christiaens],→OCLC, 3rd part (Against the Lavvfulnesse of the Ceremonies), section 15,page29:
Both kneeling, and all the reſt of the Popiſh Ceremonies, may well be compared to theBrazen Serpent.[…] I. Rainoldes [i.e.,John Rainolds]argumenteth, fromHezekiah his breaking downe of the Brazen Serpent, to the plucking downe of the ſigne of the Croſſe.
[…] AndLordLanſdown, in his Preface to theBritiſh Enchanters, exclaims againſt that Species of Dramatic Dialogue, which (inſtead of being free, natural, and eaſy, as Converſation ſhould be) is preciſe, or formal,argumentingpro andcon, like Diſputants in a School;[…]
a.1848,Thomas Chalmers, “Introductory Essay to a Treatise on the Faith and Influence of the Gospel. By the Rev. Archibald Hall.”, inMiscellanies; Embracing Reviews, Essays, and Addresses, New York, N.Y.: Robert Carter & Brothers,[…], published1851,→OCLC,page416:
But, can this be alleged of him who has oft been heard to speak of faith and of works together—and who, afterargumenting the utter worthlessness of the latter, has confined most rigidly to the former all of power and of efficacy that there is in the business of salvation?
Here, in Milan, is an ancient tumble-down ruin of a church, is the mournful wreck of the most celebrated painting in the world—"The Last Supper," byLeonardo da Vinci.[…] And the first thing that occurred was the infliction on us of a placard fairly reeking with wretched English.[…] And thenPeter is described as "argumenting in a threatening and angrily condition atJudas Iscariot."
1983, Gregory J. Scott,Marketing Bhutan’s Potatoes: Present Patterns and Future Prospects, Lima, Peru:International Potato Center,→OCLC, page77:
Hence, domestic potato marketing cannot beargumented in such fashion.
1993, Andreas Gourmelon, “A Method to Analyse the Strain of Memory of Elderly Persons Working with Information Technologies”, in E. Ballabio, I. Placencia-Porrero, R. Puig de la Bellacasa, editors,Rehabilitation Technology: Strategies for the European Union:[…] (Technology and Informatics; 9), Amsterdam; Oxford, Oxfordshire:IOS Press,→ISBN,→ISSN,page211:
It may beargumented that many elderly persons stay at home and do not even try to use a ticket machine.
1999, Bernd A. Neubauer, Ulrich Stephani, Hermann Doose, “The Genetics of Rolandic Epilepsy and Related Conditions: Multifactorial Inheritance with a Major Gene Effect”, inS[amuel] F[rank] Berkovic, P. Genton, E. Hirsch, F. Picard, editors,Genetics of Focal Epilepsies: Clinical Aspects and Molecular Biology (Current Problems in Epilepsy;13), London: John Libbey & Company,→ISBN,→ISSN, part II (The Idiopathic Age-related Focal Epilepsies),page57:
This was first enunciated by Loiseauet al. (1967) when heargumented that RE 'does not exist' in clinical practice, referring to its pure, typical form.
2012, Harry Fokkens, “Background to Dutch Beakers: A Critical Review of the Dutch Model”, in Harry Fokkens, Franco Nicolis, editors,Background to Beakers: Inquiries into Regional Cultural Backgrounds of the Bell Beaker Complex, Leiden: Sidestone Press,→ISBN, abstract,page 9:
The settlement data do in fact not support the Dutch Model, and it isargumented that the ¹⁴C-evidence for the model is absent as well.
2013, Daniel Gurski, “Conclusion”, inCustomer Experiences Affect Customer Loyalty: An Empirical Investigation of the Starbucks Experience Using Structural Equation Modeling, Hamburg: Anchor Compact, Anchor Academic Publishing,→ISBN,page45:
Although it isargumented that organizational learning is based on individual learning (Song et al., 2008), the insights from this study are not generalizable for business-to-business markets.
1558, Quintine Kennedy [i.e.,Quintin Kennedy], chapter5, inAne Compendius Tractiue Conforme to the Scripturis of Almychtie God, Ressoun, and Authoritie,[…],[Edinburgh]:[J. Scot],→OCLC, signature C.ii.:
Albeit that it apperteneth to the apoſtolis, be the puiſtoun of God to tak ordour in all materis off debait cõcernyng ye faith, & ſpecialie to iterprete ye ſcripturis, as yatquhilkis had yͤ ſpreit of god, & wer yͤ trew kirk: Itargumẽtis [argumentis] not yat vtheris,quha hes ꝯuenit [conuenit] ſenſyne in generale ꝯſales [consales] had the ſpreit of GOD, or wer the trew kirk:[…]
