Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WiktionaryThe Free Dictionary
Search

above

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
Acircle above(sense 2) asquare
Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic*uʀ-
Old Englishar-
Old Englishā-
Proto-West Germanic*bi-
Proto-Indo-European*upó
Proto-Germanic*ub
Proto-Germanic*-anē
Proto-Germanic*ubanē
Proto-West Germanic*obanā
Proto-West Germanic*biobanā
Old Englishbufan
Old Englishabūfan
Middle Englishaboven
Englishabove

    FromMiddle Englishabove,aboven,abuven, fromOld Englishābufan,onbufan, fromon(on) +bufan(over), (akin toIcelandicofan(from above),Middle Dutchbōven,Old Frisianbova,Middle High Germanbobene) from(by) +ufan(over); also cognate withDanishoven,Dutchboven,Germanoben,Swedishovan,Old Saxonoƀan,Old High Germanobana.

    The preposition, the adjective, and the noun derive from the adverb.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    above

    1. Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.[first attested before 1150.]
      He always put his coat onabove his sweater.
    2. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface.[first attested before 1150]
      Antonyms:below,beneath
    3. Farther north than.[first attested before 1150]
      Idaho isabove Utah.
    4. Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    5. (figuratively) Higher than; superior to in any respect;surpassing; higher in measure, degree, volume, or pitch, etc. than; out of reach; not exposed to; not likely to be affected by; incapable of negative actions or thoughts.[first attested around 1150–1350]
      to cutabove average
      Even the chief of police is notabove suspicion.
      He was alwaysabove reproach.
      I thought you said you wereabove these kinds of antics.
      That'sabove my comprehension.
    6. Higher in rank, status, or position.[first attested around 1150–1350]
      to stand head and shouldersabove the rest
      • 1791,John Walker,A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary [] [1], London: Sold by G. G. J. andJ. Robinſon, Paternoſter Row; and T.Cadell, in the Strand,→OCLC, page557:
        ☞ This word [wrap] is often pronouncedwrop, rhyming withtop, even by ſpeakers muchabove the vulgar.
    7. (Scotland) In addition to;besides.[first attested around 1150–1350]
      above and beyond the call of duty
      over andabove
    8. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.[first attested around 1350–1470]
      That amount is wayabove our asking price.
    9. In preference to.
    10. Tooproud to stoop to;averse to;disinclined towards;
      The owner wasabove taking more than a token salary.
    11. Beyond; on the other side.
    12. (theater)Upstage of.

    Usage notes

    [edit]
    • (surpassing in number or quantity): passing into theadverbial sense.

    Derived terms

    [edit]
    Terms derived from the preposition

    Translations

    [edit]
    over, on top of
    in or to a higher place
    farther north
    out of reach, heightwise
    superior to, surpassing
    higher in rank
    in addition to
    more
    in preference to
    too proud or averse to
    upstage of
    beyond
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Adverb

    [edit]

    above (notcomparable)

    1. Directlyoverhead; vertically on top of.[first attested before 1150.]
      • 2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, inThe Economist[2], volume407, number8835, page80:
        Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the airabove and the life around, it changes everything.
    2. Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go.[first attested before 1150.]
      • 1913,Ambrose Bierce,Present at a Hanging and Other Ghost Stories:
        Nobody has lived in it since the summer of 1879, and it is fast going to pieces. For some three years before the date mentionedabove, it was occupied by the family of Charles May
      • 1905, Emanuel Swedenborg, chapter 19, inHeaven and Hell:
        That angels are men in the most complete form, and enjoy every sense, may be seen above (n. 73-77); and that the light in heaven is far brighter than the light in the world (n. 126-132).
    3. Into or from heaven; in the sky.[first attested around 1150–1350]
      He’s in a better place now, floating free as the cloudsabove.
    4. In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    5. Higher in rank, power, or position.[first attested around 1150–1350]
      He appealed to the courtabove.
    6. (archaic) Inaddition.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    7. More in number.[first attested around 1350–1470]
    8. Above zero; above freezing.[first attested in the mid 20th century.]
      It was a cold day at only 5above.
    9. (biology) On the upper half or thedorsal surface of an animal.
      The sparrow I saw was rufousabove and off-white below.

    Derived terms

    [edit]

    Translations

    [edit]
    overhead, on top of
    earlier in order in writing
    of or in the heavens or sky
    in a higher place
    higher in rank
    archaic: in addition
    more
    above freezing
    on the upper half of the dorsal surface
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Adjective

    [edit]

    above (notcomparable)

    1. Of heaven;heavenly.[first attested around (1150 to 1350).]
    2. (by ellipsis) Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page.[first attested in the mid 18th century.]

    Usage notes

    [edit]
    • Above is often usedelliptically as an adjective byomitting the wordsaid,mentioned,quoted, or the like:
      • theabove(-said) observations
      • theabove(-cited) reference
      • theabove(-quoted) articles

    Translations

    [edit]
    heavenly
    being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page

    Noun

    [edit]

    above (uncountable)

    1. Heaven.[first attested around 1150–1350]
      • 1998, “Twinz”, inCapital Punishment, performed by Big Pun and Fat Joe:
        A brother from another mother, sent from theabove.
    2. Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page.
    3. Higher authority.
    4. (archaic) betterment, raised status or condition.
      • 1896, William Morris,The Well at the World's End:
        Withal they saw of him that he had no doubt but that they should come to theirabove on the morrow,

    Usage notes

    [edit]

    The prepositionabove is often used furtherelliptically as a noun by omitting the associated noun, where it is should be clear what is omitted: e.g.See theabove.

    Related terms

    [edit]

    Translations

    [edit]
    heaven
    something mentioned previously in a document
    higher authority

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]

    Middle English

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    above

    1. alternative form ofaboven
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=above&oldid=89531793"
    Categories:
    Hidden categories:

    [8]ページ先頭

    ©2009-2026 Movatter.jp