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above

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Acircle above(sense 2) asquare

FromMiddle Englishabove,aboven,abuven, fromOld Englishābufan,onbufan, fromon(on) +bufan(over), (akin toIcelandicofan(from above),Middle Dutchbōven,Old Frisianbova,Middle High Germanbobene) from(by) +ufan(over); also cognate withDanishoven,Dutchboven,Germanoben,Swedishovan,Old Saxonoƀan,Old High Germanobana.

The preposition, adjective and the noun derive from the adverb.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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above

  1. Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.[first attested before 1150.]
    He always put his coat onabove his sweater.
  2. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface.[first attested before 1150]
    Antonyms:below,beneath
  3. Farther north than.[first attested before 1150]
    Idaho isabove Utah.
  4. Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise.[first attested around 1150–1350]
  5. (figuratively) Higher than; superior to in any respect;surpassing; higher in measure, degree, volume, or pitch, etc. than; out of reach; not exposed to; not likely to be affected by; incapable of negative actions or thoughts.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    to cutabove average
    Even the chief of police is notabove suspicion.
    He was alwaysabove reproach.
    I thought you said you wereabove these kinds of antics.
    That'sabove my comprehension.
  6. Higher in rank, status, or position.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    to stand head and shouldersabove the rest
    • 1791,John Walker,A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary [] [1], London: Sold by G. G. J. andJ. Robinſon, Paternoſter Row; and T.Cadell, in the Strand,→OCLC, page557:
      ☞ This word [wrap] is often pronouncedwrop, rhyming withtop, even by ſpeakers muchabove the vulgar.
  7. (Scotland) In addition to;besides.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    above and beyond the call of duty
    over andabove
  8. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.[first attested around 1350–1470]
    That amount is wayabove our asking price.
  9. In preference to.
  10. Tooproud to stoop to;averse to;disinclined towards;
    The owner wasabove taking more than a token salary.
  11. Beyond; on the other side.
  12. (theater)Upstage of.

Usage notes

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  • (surpassing in number or quantity): passing into theadverbial sense.

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the preposition

Translations

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over, on top of
in or to a higher place
farther north
out of reach, heightwise
superior to, surpassing
higher in rank
in addition to
more
in preference to
too proud or averse to
upstage of
beyond
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adverb

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above (notcomparable)

  1. Directlyoverhead; vertically on top of.[first attested before 1150.]
    • 2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, inThe Economist[2], volume407, number8835, page80:
      Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the airabove and the life around, it changes everything.
  2. Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go.[first attested before 1150.]
    • 1913,Ambrose Bierce,Present at a Hanging and Other Ghost Stories:
      Nobody has lived in it since the summer of 1879, and it is fast going to pieces. For some three years before the date mentionedabove, it was occupied by the family of Charles May
    • 1905, Emanuel Swedenborg, chapter 19, inHeaven and Hell:
      That angels are men in the most complete form, and enjoy every sense, may be seen above (n. 73-77); and that the light in heaven is far brighter than the light in the world (n. 126-132).
  3. Into or from heaven; in the sky.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    He’s in a better place now, floating free as the cloudsabove.
  4. In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream.[first attested around 1150–1350]
  5. Higher in rank, power, or position.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    He appealed to the courtabove.
  6. (archaic) Inaddition.[first attested around 1150–1350]
  7. More in number.[first attested around 1350–1470]
  8. Above zero; above freezing.[first attested in the mid 20th century.]
    It was a cold day at only 5above.
  9. (biology) On the upper half or thedorsal surface of an animal.
    The sparrow I saw was rufousabove and off-white below.

Derived terms

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Translations

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overhead, on top of
earlier in order in writing
of or in the heavens or sky
in a higher place
higher in rank
archaic: in addition
more
above freezing
on the upper half of the dorsal surface
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adjective

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above (notcomparable)

  1. Of heaven;heavenly.[first attested around (1150 to 1350).]
  2. (by ellipsis) Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page.[first attested in the mid 18th century.]

Usage notes

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  • Above is often usedelliptically as an adjective byomitting the wordsaid,mentioned,quoted, or the like:
    • theabove(-said) observations
    • theabove(-cited) reference
    • theabove(-quoted) articles

Translations

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heavenly
being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page

Noun

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above (uncountable)

  1. Heaven.[first attested around 1150–1350]
    • 1998, “Twinz”, inCapital Punishment, performed by Big Pun and Fat Joe:
      A brother from another mother, sent from theabove.
  2. Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page.
  3. Higher authority.
  4. (archaic) betterment, raised status or condition.
    • 1896, William Morris,The Well at the World's End:
      Withal they saw of him that he had no doubt but that they should come to theirabove on the morrow,

Usage notes

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The prepositionabove is often used furtherelliptically as a noun by omitting the associated noun, where it is should be clear what is omitted: e.g.See theabove.

Related terms

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Translations

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heaven
something mentioned previously in a document
higher authority

See also

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References

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Middle English

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Preposition

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above

  1. alternative form ofaboven
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