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abase

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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WOTD – 22 September 2018

Etymology

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From LateMiddle Englishabaishen,abashen,abaisse,abassen,abesse,abessen(to be upset; to embarrass; to surprise; to confound; to bend down, stoop; to abase, degrade, disgrace), fromMiddle Frenchabaisser, fromOld Frenchabaissier,abessier(to prostrate oneself; to lower, reduce) (also compareOld Frenchesbahir(to amaze),Vulgar Latinabbassiāre(to lower)),[1] froma-(prefix indicating movement towards something) (fromLatinad(toward, to), ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*h₂éd(at, to)) +baissier(to lower) (fromMedieval Latinbassus(short of stature, low; base), possibly fromAncient Greekβᾰ́σῐς(bắsĭs,foot; base, foundation), ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*gʷem-(to step)).[2][3] The spelling of the English word has been influenced bybase, thus ostensibly analyzable asa-(towards) +‎base.[4]There exist verb cognates in galloromance languages such asCatalanabaixar(lower; abase) andOccitanabaissar, and similar word construction in other romance languages asSpanishabajo(down, downstairs; below).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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abase (third-person singular simple presentabases,present participleabasing,simple past and past participleabased)

  1. (transitive) Tolower, as incondition inlife,office,rank, etc., so as tocausepain orhurtfeelings; todegrade, todepress, tohumble, tohumiliate.[from c. 1350–1470][3]
    Synonyms:degrade,demean,depress,discredit,disgrace,dishonor,humble,humiliate,sink;see alsoThesaurus:demean
    Antonyms:aggrandise,dignify,elevate,exalt,extol,honor,promote,raise,uplift;see alsoThesaurus:aggrandize
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, [] (King James Version), London: [] Robert Barker, [],→OCLC,Luke14:11:
      For whoſoeuer exalteth himſelfe ſhalbeabaſed: and hee that humbleth himſelfe, ſhalbe exalted.
    • 1657,John Ball, “By Faith a True Believer may be Certain and Infallibly Assured of the Remission of His Sins and Eternal Salvation”, inA Treatise of Faith: Divided into Two Parts: The First Shewing the Nature, the Second, the Life of Faith. [], 3rd corrected and enlarged edition, London: Printed for Edward Brewster, [],→OCLC,page106:
      Our adverſaries object againe, that by praying that Chriſts merits may be made ours in particular, we greatlyabaſe them. As though the ProphetDavid didabaſe God in making him his in particular, ſaying,the Lord is my rock, my fortreſſe, my God, and my ſtrength, my ſhield, the horne of my ſalvation, and my refuge:[]
    • 1868 December,T. W., “Lao-Tzu.老子: A Study in Chinese Philosophy.”, inThe Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, volume I, number 8, Foochow: Printed by Rozario, Marçal & Co.,→OCLC, chapter VI (Politics),page158, column 2:
      When a large kingdomabases itself to a small principality, it acquires that principality, and when a small stateabases itself to a large one, it obtains service (or protection) under the large one. It is for this purpose that the small state submits, and the large kingdom annexes the small states for the purpose of uniting and maintaining the people.
  2. (transitive, archaic) To lowerphysically; todepress; tocast orthrow down; tostoop.[from c. 1350–1470][3]
    Synonyms:bring down,lower,reduce;see alsoThesaurus:diminish
    toabase the eye
  3. (transitive, obsolete) To lower invalue, in particular byaltering thecontent ofalloys incoins; todebase.[from mid 16th – mid 18th c.][3]
    Synonyms:adulterate,debauch,degrade,devalue,downgrade;see alsoThesaurus:adulterate,Thesaurus:debase
    • 1629 February 12,John Donne, “Sermon CXXXVI. A Lent Sermon Preached to the King, at Whitehall, February 12, 1629”, inHenry Alford, editor,The Works of John Donne, D.D., Dean of St. Paul’s, 1621–1631. [] In Six Volumes, volume V, London:John W[illiam] Parker, [], published1839,→OCLC,page450:
      Though in the nature thereof, that with which a purer metal is mixed, be not base; yet, itabases the purer metal.[] [T]hough silver be a precious metal, yet itabases gold. Grace, and peace, and faith, are precious parts of our treasure here; yet, if we mingle them, that is, compare them with the joys, and glory of heaven;[] weabase, and over-alloy these joys, and that glory.
    • 1840,Rogers Ruding, “Elizabeth”, inAnnals of the Coinage of Great Britain and Its Dependencies; from the Earliest Period of Authentic History to the Reign of Victoria, 3rd corrected and enlarged edition, London: Printed for John Hearne, [], by Manning and Mason, [],→OCLC,page341:
      [H]er majesty [Elizabeth I of England] let them all to understand, that she never intended (God's grace assisting her) to leese the fruit of so famous an act, byabasing the coin of the realm, which she found to be for the more part copper, and had now recovered it to be as fine, or rather finer, sterling silver, than ever it was in the realm by the space of two hundred years or more; a matter worth marking and memory.

Derived terms

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Related terms

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Translations

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to lower so as to cause pain or hurt feelings
to lower physically

See also

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References

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  1. ^abaishen,v.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved28 May 2018.
  2. ^Elliott K. Dobbie, C. William Dunmore, Robert K. Barnhart, et al. (editors),Chambers Dictionary of Etymology (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2004 [1998],→ISBN), page 2
  3. 3.03.13.23.3Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief, William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “abase”, inThe Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.:Oxford University Press,→ISBN, page 2.
  4. ^abase”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.

Further reading

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Ido

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Etymology

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Fromabas +‎-e.

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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abase

  1. down with

Scots

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Verb

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abase

  1. alternative form ofabuise
    • 1898,Border Magazine:
      Mr Wellwood had never been known “taeabase puir folks' bairns.”
      Mr Wellwood had never been known “toabuse poor people's children.”

References

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