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Reconstructed terms are words, roots, and phrases which are not directly recorded in their respective languages, but have been hypothesized to have existed by linguists usingetymological evidence. They are conventionally denoted with an asterisk (*) at the start of the word, such as in the reconstructedProto-Indo-European root*bʰer-.
Reconstructed forms can potentially occur in any language, but they are primarily found in ancient or extinct languages from which later languages or dialects are derived. Most reconstructions are based oncomparative linguistics, a field that analyzes regular and systematic patterns of changes (such as phonetic alterations) in languages to compare words and grammatical systems in distinct but related languages.
For example, Spanishdiente, Italiandente, Frenchdent, and Portuguesedente all meantooth in their respective languages, and, beingRomance languages, are all ultimately derived from Latin, where the word for tooth is Latindens(genitivedentis). Based on the similarities between the Romance language derivatives and on similar changes in other words, it is possible to reconstruct the Vulgar Latin*dente(derived from the accusative casedentem, when final /m/ was eroded in Latin) as the intermediary step between Latin and its Spanish, Italian, French, and Portuguese derivatives. Thus, reconstructed forms like*dente are key to both understanding the ultimate etymology of countless words in all languages, and to determining the form and pronunciation of words that are not attested in any surviving writings (often either because the respective language had no alphabet, as is the case with Proto-Germanic, or because the language was used in common speech rather than writing, as is the case with Vulgar Latin).[1]
The most ancient reconstructions go further still; based on systematic and consistent similarities between dozens of different languages and language groups, it is possible to reconstruct words from languages that had no written language at all ("reconstructed languages"), such asProto-Germanic,Proto-Indo-European, andProto-Semitic. Like "intermediary" reconstructions, reconstructed words in these languages are based on comparing words in numerous distantly-related languages. For example, by comparing such forms as Englishseven, Lithuanianseptyni, Hittite𒅆𒅁𒋫-(šipta-), Latinseptem, Oscan𐌔𐌄𐌚𐌕𐌄𐌍(seften), Old Prussianseptīnjai, Sanskritसप्त(sapta), Tocharian Aṣpät, Gothic𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽(sibun), and dozens of others, all of which mean "seven" in their respective languages, linguists have reconstructed the Proto-Indo-European numeral*septḿ̥ with reasonable certainty, despite the lack of written records at the time when this word would have been spoken, around 4000~3000 BCE.
Dictionaries that make thorough use of reconstructed forms includeThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which has especially detailed etymological information on Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Semitic reconstructed roots that have English-language derivatives.
Because of their very nature, reconstructed forms are not directly attested in any written work, but are the result of etymological analysis and research into later, attested words. Though the field of reconstructed linguistics is the home of many controversies and disagreements, there are nonetheless a large number of reconstructed words and sound changes which have achieved broad consensus among expert linguists, and also a number which for there is strong evidence and support, but the exact details are disputed.
Because of this characteristic ambiguity of reconstructed words, reconstructions on Wiktionary should ideally cite linguistic sources that show how they can be derived. Alternatively, they can refer to sources which provide the reconstruction as-is. This is less helpful if information about the derivation of the reconstruction is not also provided, however, because the credibility of a reconstruction is not in its sourcing, but in its historical-linguistic merit. Hence, it is more useful to the reader if the reconstruction can be corroborated with established and sourced sound laws, than if the reader is simply directed to a source which gives no such explanation.
Reconstructions that are in doubt can be submitted to theEtymology Scriptorium for broader review, or toRequests for deletion/Reconstruction where such doubts are serious enough to throw the validity of the entry itself into question. By making thorough and uncompromising use of references for all pages dealing with reconstructions, and by excluding (or temporarily moving to the Talk page) any disputed information for which no source has yet been found, it is possible for Wiktionary to keep its standards for reconstructed terms just as high as they are for attested ones, if not even higher.
Note that in cases where different reliable references disagree over certain details in a reconstruction, both references should usually be provided, even if only to note in some cases, for the sake of avoiding ambiguity, that a certain older form is now considered defunct. Pages should generally be named after whichever form has the broadest support among contemporary experts in the field, without Wiktionary weighing in on which form is more or less accurate; variants and disputed forms can then be addressed in great detail within the text of the pages themselves.
All reconstructed terms with entries go in the Reconstructionnamespace, such as in the pageReconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱwṓ. Because reconstructed terms are by definition unrecorded, they do not meet the criteria for inclusion in the main namespace. Additionally, redirects from the main namespace to these entries are not permitted, though redirects between the reconstructed entries are allowed.
The template{{reconstructed}} should be used in these entries.
The layout of the entries generally conforms to therules regarding entry layouts, although some compromises can be made for the sake of usability.
When linking to reconstructed terms, youmust prefix the term with *. The links to the Reconstruction namespace are then automatically generated.