Nanjing Mandarin (南京話/南京话 (Lánjìnhuā))[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] belongs to the Jianghuai group of Mandarin (江淮官話/江淮官话). Nanjing Mandarin was the standard Chinese dialect during the Ming dynasty and much of the Qing dynasty.
On Wiktionary we adopt theconservative dialect, which is the practice of all 7 sources. These two sources document the innovative dialect as well, but are limited to individual characters:[4][7].
There are a number of differences between the so-called "conservative dialect" (老派) and "innovative dialect" (新派), as demonstrated below:
| Character | Conservative (老派) | Innovative (新派) | Point |
|---|---|---|---|
| 酒 | /t͡siəɯ¹¹/ | /t͡ɕiəɯ¹¹/ | 1 |
| 九 | /t͡ɕiəɯ¹¹/ | ||
| 西 | /si³¹/ | /ɕi³¹/ | |
| 稀 | /ɕi³¹/ | ||
| 臭 | /ʈ͡ʂʰəɯ⁴⁴/ | /t͡sʰəɯ⁴⁴/ | 2 |
| 湊/凑 | /t͡sʰəɯ⁴⁴/ | ||
| 班 | /pã³¹/ | /pan³¹/ | 3 |
| 幫/帮 | /pɑŋ³¹/ | ||
| 官 | /kuã³¹/ | /kuan³¹/ | |
| 光 | /kuɑŋ³¹/ |
There are a number of differences between the sources that document the conservative dialect:
| Character | Wiktionary | [4] | [5] | [6] | Point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 魚/鱼 | /y²⁴/ | /y¹³/ | /i¹³/ | /y²⁴/ | 1 |
| 疑 | /i²⁴/ | /i¹³/ | /i²⁴/ | ||
| 裙 | /t͡ɕʰyĩ²⁴/ | /t͡ɕʰyŋ¹³/ | /t͡ɕʰiŋ¹³/ | /t͡ɕʰyn²⁴/ | |
| 琴 | /t͡ɕʰĩ²⁴/ | /t͡ɕʰiŋ¹³/ | /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/ | ||
| 曲 | /t͡ɕʰyʔ⁵/ | /t͡ɕʰy⁵/ | /t͡ɕʰiʔ⁵/ | /t͡ɕʰyʔ⁵/ | |
| 泣 | /t͡ɕʰiʔ⁵/ | /t͡ɕʰi⁵/ | /t͡sʰiʔ⁵/ | ||
| 片 | /pʰiẽ⁴⁴/ | /pʰiẽ⁴⁴/ | /pʰẽ⁴⁴/ | /pʰien⁴⁴/ | 2 |
| 白 | /pəʔ⁵/ | /pɛ⁵/ | /pɛʔ⁵/ | /pəʔ⁵/ | 3 |
A modified version of Hanyu Pinyin is used on Wiktionary. All pinyin rules apply.
Nanjing Mandarin has 21 initials, including the zero initial:
| Pinyin | IPA | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| b | /p/ | 布幫北 |
| p | /pʰ/ | 普攀拍 |
| m | /m/ | 墓慢麥 |
| f | /f/ | 副方服 |
| d | /t/ | 賭單得 |
| t | /tʰ/ | 土湯特 |
| l | /l/ | 路男肋 |
| z | /ts/ | 祖髒絕 |
| c | /tsʰ/ | 楚倉測 |
| s | /s/ | 素三雪 |
| zh | /tʂ/ | 豬張竹 |
| ch | /tʂʰ/ | 除常出 |
| sh | /ʂ/ | 書山十 |
| r | /ʐ/ | 如讓日 |
| j | /tɕ/ | 記江結 |
| q | /tɕʰ/ | 氣腔曲 |
| x | /ɕ/ | 戲香學 |
| g | /k/ | 古肝骨 |
| k | /kʰ/ | 苦扛哭 |
| h | /x/ | 護寒黑 |
| ∅ | — | 五安月 |
Nanjing Mandarin has 49 finals, including 3 syllabics, but not including various finals created by erhua.
| -i- | -u- | -ü- | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ii /z̩/ 自 | ii /ʐ̩/ 治 | i /i/ 祭 | u /u/ 五 | ü /y/ 玉 | |
| a | a /a/ 巴 | ia /ia/ 牙 | ua /ua/ 瓦 | ||
| o | o /o/ 我 | ||||
| e | e /e/ 車/车 | ie /ie/ 夜 | üe /ye/ 靴 | ||
| er | er /ər/ 二 | ||||
| ai | ai /ɛ/ 敗/败 | iai /iɛ/ 街 | uai /uɛ/ 外 | ||
| ei | ei /əi/ 杯 | uei/ui /uəi/ 內/内 | |||
| ao | ao /ɔ/ 好 | iao /iɔ/ 要 | |||
| ou | ou /əɯ/ 手 | iou/iu /iəɯ/ 九 | |||
| an | an /ã/ 安 | ian /iã/ 羊 | uan /uã/ 完 | ||
| en | ien /iẽ/ 言 | üen /uẽ/ 元 | |||
| -n | en /ə̃/ 恩 | in /ĩ/ 因 | uen/un /uə̃/ 文 | ün /yĩ/ 允 | |
| on | on /oŋ/ 冬 | ion /ioŋ/ 永 | |||
| -q | iiq /ʐ̩ʔ/ 日 | iq /iʔ/ 一 | uq /uʔ/ 勿 | üq /yʔ/ 曲 | |
| aq | aq /aʔ/ 阿 | iaq /iaʔ/ 鴨/鸭 | uaq /uaʔ/ 挖 | ||
| eq | ieq /ieʔ/ 葉/叶 | üeq /yeʔ/ 月 | |||
| eq | eq /ɛʔ/~/əʔ/ 白 | ueq /uɛʔ/~ /ueʔ/ 國/国 | |||
| oq | oq /oʔ/ 伯 | ioq /ioʔ/ 角 | |||
| m | m /m̩/ 姆[note 1] | ||||
| n | n /n̩/ 吾[note 2] | ||||
| ng | ng /ŋ̍/ 吾[note 3] | ||||
Nanjing Mandarin has 5 tones, which are represented by 5 diacritics. Apart from that, toneless syllables exist, which are not marked by any diacritic. The pre-combined characters are provided here for easy copy-and-paste purpose.
Nanjing Mandarin has tone sandhi, where the first syllable can modify its tone based on the second syllable in a compound, and the second syllable retains its original tone. When displaying, only the original tone is displayed.
| Tone | Tone numerals | Traditional Category | Example | Characters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 31 | dark level / 陰平 | 詩/诗 (shiì) | àèìòùǜ |
| T2 | 24 | light level / 陽平 | 時/时 (shií) | áéíóúǘ |
| T3 | 11 | rising / 上 | 史 (shiǐ) | ǎěǐǒǔǚ |
| T4 | 44 | departing / 去 | 世 (shiī) | āēīōūǖ |
| T5 | 55 | entering / 入 | 十 (shii̊q) | åe̊i̊o̊ůü̊ |
These are generally the same as pinyin:
Use|m-nj= in{{zh-pron}} using the romanization system as described above. Spaces and capitalisation are allowed.
南京 with|m-nj=Lánjìn:
西瓜 with|m-nj=sìguà (sandhi):
Erhua can create rimes that are different from just the original syllable + r. In that case, use> to indicate the result of erhua.