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Latest comment:2 years ago by Redav in topicHow about prepositions and adverbs?

Productive

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Latest comment:7 years ago4 comments3 people in discussion

Has this been productive in the last century in any sense?DCDuringTALK19:45, 19 September 2012 (UTC)Reply

I do believe there has been at least some use, at least with wonted words. I have indeed seen words such asbefall, beset, beloved, bespeak, bestir, belay, beleaguer, belie, and befriend. I think the grounds for setting this prefix under "rare or no longer productive" is somewhat overdriven. Namely the "no longer productive," but It is mostly seen in writings now-a-days. I don't believe it isfully dead though but maybe a little seldom or unwonted.Anglish4699 (talk)19:19, 20 June 2017 (UTC)Reply

What's a "wonted word"?Equinox ◑12:30, 21 June 2017 (UTC)Reply

Something that is widespread or spoken by many. Thebe- prefix does not seem to be widespread in speech, but can be seen in some writing if one looks hard enough.Anglish4699 (talk)04:32, 23 June 2017 (UTC)Reply

Wordy, malformatted references

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Latest comment:11 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

Moved out of the entry by- -sche (discuss)00:20, 16 June 2013 (UTC) :Reply

cited authorities, viz.NED [1st ed., 1885],OED [2nd ed., 1989]

“Be-prefix” listed on pages719 –723 of volume I (A–B) ofA New English Dictionary on Historical Principles [1st ed., 1885]
Be-prefix: — OE.be-, weak or stressless form of the prep. and adv.bí (biᵹ), By. The original Teut. form was, as in Gothic,bi, with short vowel, prob. cognate with second syllable of Gr.ἀµϕί, L.ambi; in OHG. and early OE., when it had the stress, as a separate word, and in composition with a noun, it was lengthened tobī (bî,bí), while the stressless form, in composition with a vb. or indeclinable word, remainedbi-; in later OE., as in MHG. and mod.G., the latter was obscured tobe- (also occasional in OE. as an unaccented form of the preposition): cf. OE.bí-gęng practice,bi-gangan,be-gangan, to practise. In early ME. the etymologicalbi-,by- regularly reappeared in comp. as the stressless form; but in later timesbe- was finally restored. (On the other hand,be was used by northern writers as the separate prep., as still in mod. Sc.) In modern use, the unaccented prefix is alwaysbe-; the accented formby- (sometimes speltbye-) occurs in one or two words descended from OE., asby·-law,by·-word (OE.bí-laᵹe,bí-word), and in modern formations on the adv., asby·-gone,by·-name,by·-play,by·-road,by·-stander. [¶] The original meaning was ‘about.’ In prepositions and adverbs this is weakened into a general expression of positionat ornear, as inbefore (at, near, or towards the front),behind,below,beneath,benorth,besouth,between,beyond. With verbs, various senses of ‘about’ are often distinctly retained, as inbe-bind,be-come (= come about),be-delve,be-gird,be-set,be-stir. In such asbe-daub,be-spatter,be-stir,be-strew, the notion of ‘all about, all around, over,’ or ‘throughout,’ naturally intensifies the sense of the verb; whence,be- comes to be more or less a simpleintensive, as inbe-muddle,be-crowd,be-grudge,be-break, or specializes or renders figurative, as inbefall (to fall as an accident),be-come,be-get,be-gin,be-have,be-hold,be-lieve. In other words the force ofbe- passes over to an object, and renders an intransitive verb transitive, as inbe-speak (speak about, for, or to),be-flow (flow about),be-lie,be-moan,be-think,be-wail. Hence it is used to form transitive vbs. on adjectives and substantives, as indim be-dim,fool be-fool,madam be-madam; also others, in which the sb. stands in an instrumental or other oblique relation, asbe-night ‘to overtakewith night,’be-guile,be-witch. Of these a special section consists of verbs having a privative force, as OE.belandian,behéafdian, to deprive of one’s land, one’s head: cf.bereave, and OE.benim-an to take away. Finally,be- is prefixed with a force combining some of the preceding, to ppl. adjs., as inbe-jewelled,be-daughtered. [¶]Be- being still in some of its senses (esp. 2, 6, 7 below) a living element, capable of being prefixed wherever the sense requires it, the derivatives into which it enters are practically unlimited in number. The more important, including those that are in any way specialized, or that require separate explanation, are treated in their alphabetical places as Main Words. (In the case of ME. words inbi-,by-, all that survived long enough to have Be- appear under this spelling; a few that became obsolete at an early date are left under their only extant form in Bi-, By-.) Those of less importance, infrequent (often single) occurrence, and obvious composition, are arranged under the following groups (in which, however, the senses tend to overlap each other, so as to make the place of some of the words ambiguous): — [¶]1. Forming derivative verbs, with sense of ‘around’:a. all round externally, on all sides, all over the surface, as in Beset, Besmear;b. from side to side (within a space), to and fro, in all directions, in all ways, in or through all its parts, thoroughly, as in Bestir,bejumble. (Some of these formations appear only in the pa. pple.) [¶; 92 derived terms, viz.bebang(“bang about”),bebass(“kiss all over”, “cover with kisses”),bebaste (with a cudgel, or with gravy),bebat(“becudgel”),bebatter,bebite,beblear(“blear all over”),beblotch,beboss,bebotch,bebrush,becense(“perfuse with incense”),bechase(“chase about”),becircle,beclart (dialectal, “be dirty”),beclasp,becompass(“compass about”),becramp,becrampoun(“set (a jewel)”),becrimson,becrust,becurry(“curry one’s hide”, “belabour”),becurse(“cover with curses”),becut,bedamn,bedamp,bediaper,bedowse(“souse with water”),bedrape,bedrift,bedrive,be-embroider,befan,befinger(“finger all over”),befleck(“cover with flecks”),befreckle,befriz,befrounce(“frounce or toss about”, “touzle”),begarnish,begash,begaud,begirdle,behale(“drag about”),behammer,behem,behorewe(“befoul”),bejig(“jig about”),bejumble,beknit (from theOld Englishbecnyttan),belave,belick,bemingle,bemix,bepaste,bepaw(“befoul as with paws”),bepen(“pen in”),bepommel,bepounce(“stud”),beprank(“prank out or over”),bepuddle (e.g. a spring),bepurple,bequirtle(“besprinkle”),berake(“rake all over”),beroll(“roll over”),beround,bescour,beseam,beshackle,beshield,beshroud,beslab(“beplaster”),beslash,beslur,beslurry(“sully all over”),besmother,besmudge (besmouche),besow (“sow about”, from theOld Englishbesāwan),besperple(“bespatter”),bespin(“spin round, so as to cover”),bespirt,besquatter(“bespatter with filth”),bestamp,bestroke,beswitch,betinge,beturn,beveil,bewallow (from theOld Englishbewalwian),bewash,bewater,bewhiten,bewreath; ¶; 97 quotations, viz. 1599, 1583, 1583, 1620, 1565, 1565, 1880, 1609, 1807, 1576, 1605, 1587, 1591, 1639, 1574, 1648, 1607,cicra 1230, 1864, 1480, 1634, 1666, 1583, 1837, 1883,ante 1834, 1598, 1553–87, 1860, 1630, 1863, 1870, 1648, 1576, 1865, 1837, 1614, 1674, 1821, 1567, 1610, 1772, 1581, 1647, 1555, 1580, 1843, 1574, 1639, 1598, 1340, 1821, 1565, 1598, 1598, 1559, 1559, 1565, 1684,circa 1230, 1583, 1648, 1642, 1583, 1771, 1690, 1685,circa 1325, 1642, 1837, 1839, 1599, 1848, 1481, 1581, 1635,circa 1614, 1598, 1600,circa 1175, 1557, 1865, 1885, 1611, 1652, 1857, 1548, 1821, 1594, 1582, 1205 [1250], 1589, 1648, 1593, 1812, 1598,ante 1850; ¶]2. Forming intensive verbs, with sense of ‘thoroughly (extension of 1), soundly, much, conspicuously, to excess, ridiculously.’ (Some of these occur only in the past participle.) [98 derived terms, viz.bebait(“bait or worry persistently”),bebothered,bebreech(“breech soundly”),bebusied,becheck,becheke(“choke”, “stifle”),beclamour,becompliment,becost,becovet,becrowd,becrush,becumber,bedare(“defy”),bedrown,bedrowse(“make drowsy”),bedrug,beduck,bedunch(“strike against”),be-earn,be-elbow,befavour,befilch,beflap(“clap”),beflout,beflustered,befraught,begall(“gall”, “fret”, “rub sore”),beglose(“deceive”),begrain(“dye in the grain”, “colour permanently”),begreet,begut,behallow,behelp,behusband(“economize to the full”),bekick,belade,belash,belull,bemar(“injure seriously”),bemartyr,bemaze,bemeet,bemuzzle,bepaid,beparch,beparody,bepart(“divide”, “share”),bepiece(“piece up”, “patch up”),bepierce,bepile(“pile up”),bepill(“pillage completely”),bepoetize,bepress(“oppress”),bepride,bequoted(“quoted to excess”),beragged,berinse,besanctify(“besaint”),besauce,bescent,bescorch,bescorn(“cover with scorn”),bescourge,bescrape,beshake,beshiver(“shiver to atoms”),beshod,beshower,beshrivel,besinge (from theOld Englishbesengan),beslap(“slap soundly”),besnowball,besob(“soak”),besoothe,bespend(“spend”, “waste”),besplit,besqueeze,bestab,bestay,besteer,bestock(“stock thoroughly”),bestore,bestrip,besuit,besweeten,betalk,bethreaten,betire,betrace(“mark all over”, “streak”),betwattle (dialectal, “bewilder”),bewasted(“wasted away”),beweary,bewelcome,bewidow,bewomanize,bewound(“wound seriously”),bewreak(“revenge”); ¶]1599 ThynneAnimadv. (1865) 61 This syllable [be] is sett before to make yt moore signyficant and of force; as..for ‘dewed,’ ‘bedewed,’ etc. [¶; 99 quotations, viz. 1589, 1866, 1617, 1603, 1598,circa 1175, 1832, 1832, 1832, 1513, 1883, 1860, 1607, 1863, 1550, 1599, 1584, 1877, 1874, 1596, 1567, 1602, 1848,ante 1633, 1566, 1388, 1574, 1864, 1568,ante 1656, 1393, 1855, 1513, 1648, 1481, 1640, 1862, 1850, 1458, 1631,circa 1400, 1662, 1879, 1656, 1857, 1838, 1586, 1828, 1531, 1578, 1839,ante 1726, 1574, 1865, 1591, 1690, 1822, 1611, 1598, 1826,ante 1674, 1863, 1583,circa 1386,ante 1300, 1865, 1664, 1556, 1648, 1850,circa 1420, 1821, 1340, 1858, 1611, 1609, 1614, 1567, 1614,ante 1640, 1600,circa 1320,ante 1618, 1648, 1661, 1340, 1648, 1612, 1635, 1594,circa 1460, 1686, 1844, 1593, 1636, 1583, 1787, 1653, 1422–61; ¶]3. Forming derivative verbs with privative meaning ‘off, away,’ as in Bedeal, Benim, Bereave. A very common use ofbe- in OE. and ME., prob. originating in words like Be-shear, ‘to cut all round,’ whence ‘to cut off or away’; but no longer in living use in forming new derivatives. [¶]4. Making verbs transitive, by adding a prepositional relation: primarily ‘about,’ as in Be-speak, speak about (or for, to), Be-moan, moan about (or over); which sense can usually be detected under the variousagainst,at,for,to,on,upon,over,by, etc. required by modern idiom: [¶; 60 derived terms, viz.bebark(“bark around or at”),becack(“deposit ordure on”),bechatter(“environ with chattering, etc.”),bechirm(“chirm (as birds) around”),bechirp(“chirp about”),beclang,beclatter,becrave (“crave for”, from theOld Englishbecrafian),becrawl(“crawl all over”),becroak(“croak round or at”),becry(“cry at”, “accuse”),bedin(“fill with din or noise”),bedribble(“dribble upon (e.g. as a dog)”),bedrivel,bedrizzle,bedwell(“dwell in or around”),befleet(“flow round”),befret(“fret or gnaw away”),befuddle(“make stupid with tippling”),begaze(“gaze at”),beglide(“slip away from”, “escape”),beglitter(“irradiate”),begroan(“groan at”),begruntle(“make uneasy”),behoot(“hoot at”),bejuggle(“get over by jugglery”, “cheat”),belag(“make to lag”),beleap(“leap on”, loosely “cover”),bemew(“mew upon”),bemoult(“moult upon”),bemurmur(“murmur at or against”),bemute (of birds, “mute or drop dung on”),beparse(“plague with parsing”),bepiss(“piss on”, “wet with urine”),bepreach(“preach at”),bereason(“reason with”, “overcome by reason”),bireme(“cut out upon”),beride (“ride beside”, “override”, from theOld Englishberīdan),berow(“row round”),bescumber(“scumber on”),beshine (“shine on”, from theOld Englishbescīnan),(deprecated template usage)l/en(e)}} (“becack”, from theOld Englishbescītan “(Obs. in polite use, but common in ME. and early mod.E. literature)”),beshout(“shout at”, “applaud”),beshriek(“shriek at”),besigh(“sigh for”),besmell(“smell out”),besmile(“smile on”),bespew(“spew on”),bestare(“stare at”, “make staring”),bestraddle(“straddle across”, “bestride”),bestream(“stream over”),beswarm(“swarm over”),beswelter,beswim(“swim upon”),bethunder,betipple(“muddle by tippling”),betravel(“travel over”, “overrun with travellers”),bevomit(“vomit all over”),bewhisper(“whisper to”),bewhistle(“whistle round”); ¶; 70 quotations, viz. 1340, 1598,ante 1618, 1875,ante 1250, 1600, 1875, 1832–53,circa 1250, 1787, 1861,circa 1440, 1880, 1620, 1653, 1721, 1883, 1802, 1817,ante 1300, 1598, 1802,circa 1300, 1583, 1837,ante 1670, 1838, 1680, 1705, 1721, 1513, 1630, 1603, 1837, 1875, 1634, 1880, 1481, 1658, 1764, 1809, 1880, 1826,circa 1200, 1690, 1848, 1205 [1250], 1599, 1625, 1850,ante 1000,ante 1300,ante 1683, 1727, 1828,ante 1250,circa 1200, 1803, 1867,circa 1600,circa 1220, 1780, 1807–8, 1860, 1583, 1805, 1581, 1837, 1674, 1837; ¶]5. Forming trans. verbs on adjectives and substantives, taken as complements of the predicate, meaning To make: as Befoul, to make foul,orig. to surround or affect with foulness; Bedim, to make dim; Befool, to make a fool of; Besot, to turn into a sot. In modern use, nearly all tinged with ridicule or contempt; cf. tobeknight with toknight.a. Formed with adj.: [21 derived terms, viz.bebrave (“make brave”, 1576),bedirty,bedismal,bedumb,befast (“fasten”, from theOld Englishbefæstan),begaudy,begay,beglad,begray,begreen,begrim,begrimly(“begrime”),beguilty,bepale,bepretty,bered,beshag(“make shaggy”),beslow(“retard”),besmooth,besour,bewhite]b. With sb.: [17 derived terms, viz.bebaron(“make into a baron”),bebishop,beclown,becollier(“make as black as a collier”),becoward,bedaw (“make a ‘daw’ or fool of”,ante 1529),bedeacon (1589),bedoctor,bedolt(“besot”),beduchess,bedunce,befop,beking,beknight,belion(“make a (society) lion of”),beminstrel,bewhig(“convert into a whig”); ¶; 40 quotations, viz. 1842, 1576, 1609, 1593, 1831,ante 1529, 1589, 1623, 1803, 1751, 1806, 1856, 1574, 1804, 1615, 1611, 1674, 1866, 1640, 1648,ante 1617,ante 1624, 1864, 1870,circa 1485, 1627, 1831, 1794, 1808, 1837, 1640, 1872, 1604, 1868, 1645, 1615,ante 1660, 1852, 1832, 1678; ¶]b. To call, to style, to dub with the title of, etc. Often with depreciatory or contemptuous force: as [15 derived terms, viz.be-blockhead,be-blunderbus,be-brother,be-coward,behypocrite,be-lady,be-ladyship,belout,bemadam,bemistress,bemonster,berascal,be-Roscius,bescoundrel,bevillain; ¶; 15 quotations, viz. 1765, 1881, 1752, 1612, 1811, 1614, 1605, 1630, 1692, 1743, 1596, 1774, 1885, 1786,ante 1734; ¶]6. Forming trans. verbs on substantives used in an instrumental relation; the primary idea being;a. To surround, cover, or bedaub with, as in Becloud, to put clouds about, cover with clouds, Bedew. Thence, by extension,b. To affect with in any way, as in Benight, Beguile, Befriend. In both sets there is often an accompanying notion of ‘thoroughly, excessively,’ as in 2.c. An ancient application, no longer in living use, was to express the sense of ‘bereave of,’ as in Behead, Belimb, etc., q. v. Cf. 3, above. [¶]a. [57 derived terms, viz.be-ash(“cover or soil with ashes”),beblain,bebloom,beboulder,bebutter,becap,becarpet,bechalk,becloak,becobweb,becolour,becoom (becolme, “smear with coom”),becrime,becurtain,bedot,bedowle(“cover with dowle or soft hair”),bedust,befetter,befilth,beflannel,beflounce,beflour,beflower,befoam,befringe,befume,beglare,begloom,begum,behorn,behorror,belard,beleaf,beloam,bemail(“cover with mail”),bemantle,bemat,bemeal,bemuck,bepicture,bepimple,beplague,bepowder,berust,bescab,bescarf,bescurf,bescurvy,beslime,besugar,betallow,bethorn,betowel,beulcer,bevenom,bewig,bewimple; ¶]b. [79 derived terms, viz.beback(“furnish (a book) with a back”),bebed(“furnish with a bed”),bebog(“entangle in a bog”, “embog”),bebrine(“wet with brine”),bebutterfly(“engross with butterflies”),becivet(“perfume with civet”),becomma(“sprinkle with commas”),bedawn(“overtake with dawn”),beday(“overtake with daylight”),bedebt(“indebt”),bedinner(“treat with a dinner”, “give a dinner to”),bedown(“fill with down”),befame(“make famous”),befancy(“fill with fancies”),befiddle(“engross with a fiddle”),befire,befist(“belabour with the fists”),beflea(“infest (as) with fleas”),beflum (dialectal, “deceive”),befrumple(“crease into frumples or clumsy folds”),befume(“affect with fumes”),begall(“fill with gall”, “embitter”),beginger(“spice with ginger”),beglew (beglue, “make game of”, “befool”),begulf(“engulf”),behearse(“place in a hearse”),behymn,beice,bekerchief,beladle(“ladle up”),belecture(“ply with lectures”),beliquor(“soak with liquor”, “alcoholize”),beman(“fill with men”, “man”),bemissionary(“pester with missionaries”),bemole(“mark with moles or dirty spots”),bemoon(“moon-strike”),bemusk(“perfume with musk”),benettle,benightmare,be-ode,bepaper(“cover or pester with papers”),bephilter(“treat with a philter”),bephrase,bepistle(“inflict epistles on”),bequalm(“affect with qualms”),berampier(“surround with a rampart”),berebus(“inscribe with a rebus”),berubric(“mark with a rubric or red letter”),besaffron(“stain or mingle with saffron”),beschoolmaster(“furnish with schoolmasters”),bescutcheon(“furnish with an escutcheon”),besentinel(“surround or guard with sentinels”),besin(“stamp with sin”, “stigmatize as sinful”),besiren(“charm with a siren”),beslipper(“present with slippers”),besnivel,besnuff,besonnet(“address or celebrate in sonnets”),bespeech,bespy(“dog with spies”),besquib,bestench(“afflict with stench”),bestink(“bestench”),bestraw(“furnish or fill with straw”),betag(“furnish with a tag”),betask(“charge with a task”),betocsin,betrumpet,betutor(“furnish with tutors”),be-urine,beverse(“celebrate in verse”),beveto(“put a veto on”),bewall,bewelcome,bewhisker(“adorn with whiskers”),bewinter(“overtake or affect with winter”),bewizard (“influence by a wizard”, “cf.bewitch”),beworm(“infest with worms”,in passive constructions “breed worms”),beworship(“honour with worship”); ¶] (Some of these are used only in the passive voice.) [¶; 140 quotations, viz. 1530, 1599, 1858,ante 1300, 1605, 1585, 1662, 1862, 1652, 1611, 1759, 1821,ante 1800, 1805, 1598, 1611, 1788, 1851, 1567, 1881,ante 1300, 1882, 1844, 1878, 1827, 1882, 1513, 1837, 1843, 1620, 1611, 1574, 1567, 1610, 1837, 1759, 1593, 1613, 1718, 1859, 1870, 1824, 1598, 1814, 1700, 1611, 1598, 1598, 1611, 1865, 1835,circa 1430,ante 1813, 1730, 1611, 1594, 1577, 1630, 1857, 1863, 1620, 1885, 1862, 1631, 1611, 1598, 1594,circa 1175, 1620, 1820, 1868, 1623, 1656, 1884, 1362, 1866, 1530, 1611, 1611, 1820, 1814, 1837, 1861, 1690, 1853,ante 1818, 1648, 1860, 1589, 1870, 1646, 1582, 1655, 1655, 1631, 1611, 1611, 1631, 1826, 1810, 1653, 1630, 1762, 1622, 1861, 1602, 1868, 1866, 1611, 1728, 1860, 1845, 1837, 1813, 1568, 1611, 1611, 1611,ante 1618, 1762, 1638, 1857, 1884, 1857, 1846, 1662, 1565,ante 1764, 1837, 1250, 1583, 1762, 1820, 1866, 1393, 1647, 1652, 1862, 1604, 1787; ¶]7. Forming participial adjectives, which unite the preceding senses, especially 6 and 2, in the notion of ‘covered or furnished with,’ usually in a conspicuous, ostentatious, unnecessary, or overdone way. In modern use (e.g. with Carlyle) the force of thebe- is often merely rhetorical, expressing depreciation, ridicule, or raillery, on the part of the speaker, towards the appendage or ornamentation in question; cf.booted andbebooted,gartered begartered,wigged bewigged. Some of these words have no form withoutbe-, and closely approach the verbs in 5, e.g.bedaughtered,bepilgrimed ‘overrun with pilgrims.’ This is now the most frequent use ofbe-, and the formations of this kind are endless; e.g. [17 examples, viz.bebelted,becloaked,becoroneted,becupolaed,bediamonded,befathered,beflogged,beflounced,bemitred,bemuslined,beperiwigged,beribboned,beringleted,besleeved,beturbaned,beuncled,bewinged] See the quotations. [¶; 97 quotations, viz. 1839, 1854, 1831, 1859, 1884, 1883, 1861, 1882, 1598, 1785–95, 1869, 1879, 1863, 1837, 1700, 1885, 1860, 1808, 1771, 1883, 1861, 1883, 1837, 1830, 1884, 1837, 1840, 1879, 1614, 1746, 1864, 1839, 1885, 1635, 1761, 1832, 1846, 1882, 1884, 1860, 1849, 1879, 1870, 1797, 1839, 1611, 1858, 1812, 1742, 1691, 1884, 1848, 1835, 1787, 1854, 1880, 1878, 1842, 1858, 1882, 1850, 1842, 1849, 1614, 1884, 1854, 1759, 1857, 1611, 1858, 1852, 1831, 1863, 1614, 1883, 1880, 1862, 1865, 1792, 1865, 1848, 1864, 1837, 1859, 1884, 1873, 1856, 1611, 1828, 1865, 1858, 1884, 1866, 1784,ante 1849, 1869, 1860; ¶] ❡ Examples of the capabilities ofbe- are seen in [15 examples, viz.be-belzebubbed(“bedevilled”),be-blacksmithed,be-cockney’d,be-documentize (1593),bedoltify,befrenchify (1603),be-Frenchman’d,be-Germanized,be-lady-loved,belawgiven (“legislated to”, Milton),be-Legion-of-Honoured,be-lish-lash(“whip soundly”),be-Mary(“give us too much of ‘Mary’”),be-pamphletize,be-trash; ¶; 13 quotations, viz. 1814, 1864, 1850, 1593, 1698, 1603, 1856, 1863, 1643, 1860, 1602, 1812, 1884]
“be-prefix” listed in theOxford English Dictionary (second edition, 1989)