ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic*wete, the source of Finnishvesi and Hungarianvíz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language,Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.

In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental*wed-(“water”) was contrasted with the passive*h₂ep-(“body of water”), similar to the opposition of the active "fire"*h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive*péh₂wr̥.

*wed-

1. towell
2. water

• *u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti(nasal-infix present)^[1]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:*unátˢti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:*unátti
      • Sanskrit:उनत्ति(unátti,“to wet”)
  • ⇒? Proto-Italic:*undā
    • Latin:unda(“wave”)
  • ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic:*wandō(“water”) (see there for further descendants)

• *wod-sḱé-ti(o-grade sḱe-present)
  • Proto-Germanic:*waskaną(“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

• *wēd-o-s(“wet”)
  • Proto-Germanic:*wētaz

• *wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n̥-s(“water”)

• *ud-ri-s
  • Proto-Italic:*udri-
    • Latin:uter(“leather bag”)(or via Etruscan from Ancient Greekὑδρία(hudría))

• *wed-ro-m
  • Proto-Italic:*wedrom
    • Latin:vitrum(“glass”)

• *ud-ró-s(“otter”)

• *wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os(“water”)
  • Old Armenian:գետ(get,“river”)

Unsorted formations

• Illyrian:*adur(“water, sea”)
• Indo-Aryan
  • Sanskrit:उद्र(udra,“water”)
• Proto-Iranian:
  • Avestan:𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌(vaⁱδi,“watercourse”)
  • Avestan:𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌(vaⁱri,“lake”)
    • → Middle Persian:(/⁠war⁠/,“lake”)

      Book Pahlavi script:[Book Pahlavi needed](wl)

  • Avestan:𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀(aoδa,“water spring”)
    • → Middle Persian:(/⁠ōdāy⁠/,“water spring”)(just in some Zend texts)

      Book Pahlavi script:[Book Pahlavi needed](ʾwdʾd)

  • Avestan:𐬎𐬯𐬀(usa,“well”)
• Proto-Italic:*udmom

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995),New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN,§ 223.5

• Proto-Indo-European lemmas
• Proto-Indo-European roots
• Proto-Indo-European ReC-shaped roots

• Pages with entries
• Pages with 1 entry
• Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations
• Illyrian terms in nonstandard scripts
• Middle Persian term requests
• Requests for Book Pahlavi script for Middle Persian terms