ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

*sem-

1. together,one

• *sḗm(“one”)
• *sm̥-(“one”)
• *sēm-i(“half”)
• *sem-ǵʰo-
  • Proto-Albanian:*semdza
    • Albanian:gjithë
  • Proto-Italic:*senɣeloi
    • Latin:singulī
• *som-^[1][2]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:*sam- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic:*sam-
    • Old Norse:sam- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:*sam- (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱóm-som-^?
  • >? Proto-Hellenic:*ksun(possibly)
    • Mycenaean Greek:𐀓𐀱(ku-su)
    • Ancient Greek:σύν(sún),ξύν(xún) —Homeric,Old Attic,σούν(soún) —Boeotian (see there for further descendants)
• *som-H-ós(“same”)
• *sem-h₁(“couple”,dual)
  • *sm̥-h₁-o-(“a couple", a few”)
    • Proto-Germanic:*sumaz(“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek:ἁμός(hamós),ἁμῆ(hamê),ἅμα(háma),ἅμ’(hám’) —apocopic,ἁμᾶ(hamâ) —Laconian,Doric
      • Greek:άμα(áma)
• *sem-h₂-lo-
  • Proto-Celtic:*samal(“like, as”)
    • Old Irish:samail,amal
    • Proto-Brythonic:*aṽal
      • Welsh:fel
      • Cornish:avel
      • Breton:evel
  • Proto-Germanic:*simlê(“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek:ὁμαλός(homalós,“even, level”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin:similis (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin:simul (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin:insimul (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥-(compounding stem)
• *sm̥-kŕ̥t(“one time”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:*sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥-ló-m(or with*h₂el-(“ale”)?)
  • >? Proto-Germanic:*sumlą >*sumblą(“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥mo-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian:ամէն(amēn),ամեն(amen)
      • Armenian:ամեն(amen),ամենա-(amena-)
• *sḿ̥-teros(“one of the two”)^[3]
  • Proto-Celtic:*santeros (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:*hə́teros
    • Ancient Greek:ἕτερος(héteros)

      Aeolic Greek:ἄτερος(áteros)

      Doric Greek:ἅτερος(háteros),ὥτερος(hṓteros)

• *sem-kʷih₁- (with*kʷyeh₁-)
  • Proto-Armenian:*hangi-
    • Old Armenian:հանգչիմ(hangčʻim,“to rest”),հանգնում(hangnum)
      • Armenian:հանգչել(hangčʻel),հանգուցյալ(hangucʻyal)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:*sam-čyaH-
    • Proto-Iranian:*ham-čyaH-
      • Alanic:
        • Ossetian:ӕнцад(æncad,“quiet, tranquil”)
      • Khwarezmian:[script needed](hncy-,“to rest, repose”)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian:[script needed](ʾncʾy,“to stay, remain”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic:*samanai (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic:*sōmiz,*sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic:*sin-
    • Proto-West Germanic:*sin-
      • Old English:sin-,sine-
      • Old Saxon:sin-
      • Old High German:sin-
    • Old Norse:sí-
      • Faroese:sí-
    • ⇒ Gothic:𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃(sinteins,“daily, every day”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:*sadʰá,*s(u)mád
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:*sadʰá,*s(u)mád
      • Sanskrit:सध(sadhá),सह(sahá,“together, with”)
        • Romani:-ça
        • → Old Javanese:saha
          • > Javanese:ꦱꦲ(saha)(inherited)
        • Pali:saha
          • → Khmer:សហ(saʼhaʼ)
        • → Marathi:सह(sah)
      • Sanskrit:सुमत्(sumát),स्मत्(smát,“with”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin:simītū

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995)New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959)Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Draw (water)”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page169
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Put in order”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page472
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Once”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page410
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Alone”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page12
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “One”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page399
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Half”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page253
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Seasons”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page504
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Some”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page532
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Same”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page499
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “With”, inEncyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page646

• Proto-Indo-European lemmas
• Proto-Indo-European roots
• Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots

• Pages with entries
• Pages with 1 entry
• Requests for native script for Khwarezmian terms
• Requests for native script for Sogdian terms
• Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations