ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

*nu^[1]

1. now
2. well (as an interjection)
3. and

Many daughter languages have a long variant; different explanations have been given for this:

• Lengthening under stress, either already in PIE (of*nú to*nū́), or in the individual languages.^[2]
  
• The long variant, in the form of*nuH, was the original one, and the laryngeal was lost in utterance-final position.^[3]
  
• Or the long form was*nú-h₁, with an added (pleonastic) adverbial ending*-h₁.^[1]

• *nu(H)^[3]

• *nú(h₁)-m^[1]
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek:νυν(nun),νῦν(nûn)
  • Proto-Italic:*num^[2]
    • Latin:num(“now”),nunc (<*num +-ce)
  • Phrygian:nun
• *nu-nó- ~ *nū-nó-^[4]or*nuh₁-ná^[1]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:*nūnái,*nunái^[5][6]
    • Lithuanian:nū̃n(“now, today”),nūnai̇̃(“now, today, nowadays”)
    • Proto-Slavic:*nyně,*nъně (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:*nūnám
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:*nūnám
      • Sanskrit:नूनम्(nūnám)
    • Proto-Iranian:*nūnám^[7]
      • Baluchi:نون(nún),نین(nín)
      • Pashto:نن(nən,“today”)
      • Middle Persian:[script needed](nūn)
        • Persian:نون(nun)
    • Proto-Iranian:*nūrám^[7](with dissimilation and/or influenced by*Haparam(“later”)^[4])
      • Avestan:

        Old Avestan:𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬇𐬨(nūrə̄m)

        Younger Avestan:𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨(nūrəm),𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬄𐬨(nūrąm)

      • Ossetian:nyr,nur
      • Old Persian:𐎵𐎢𐎼𐎶(nu-u-r-m)
      • Sogdian:[script needed](nwr)
    • Proto-Nuristani:*nūná
      • Southern Nuristani:*yéə-nū̃ə(“today”) (<*i-eká nūná)
        • Ashkun:yanū̃́
        • Waigali:önũ
  • ⇒ Proto-Tocharian:*nunọ́(“again, once more”)^[8](+*-em?^[1])
    • Tocharian A:nuṃ
    • Tocharian B:nano,näno
• *néw-o-s(“new”)(vṛddhi derivation)

• Proto-Albanian:*nu^[9]
  • Albanian:nu(“when”),tani(“now”),ani(“later”)
• Proto-Albanian:
  • Albanian:-ni(ending of 2pl. imperative)^[1]
• Proto-Anatolian:*nu^[10]
  • Hittite:𒉡(nu,“now, and”)
  • Luwian:

    Cuneiform script:𒈾𒀀𒉡𒌦(na-a-nu-un/⁠nānun⁠/,“now”)

    Anatolian hieroglyphic script:[Anatolian hieroglyphic needed](awa-);[script needed](unu),[script needed](unun)

  • Palaic:𒉡(nu,clause conjunctive particle),𒉡𒌑(nu-ú/⁠nū⁠/,“now”)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic:*nu^[11]
  • Latgalian:niu,niule,niulen(“now”)
  • Lithuanian:nū,nù(“now”)
  • Proto-Slavic:*nъ(“but”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic:*nu(“well, fine then”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic:*nu
  • Old Irish:nu(archaic adverb),no-(dummy preverb for simple verbs)
  • Gaulish:nu(attested in the Lezoux plate)
• Proto-Germanic:*nu(“now”)^[12] (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:*nu,*nū
  • Ancient Greek:νυ(nu)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian:*nú,*nū́
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:*nú,*nū́
    • Sanskrit:नु(nú),नू(nū́,“now”)
  • Proto-Iranian:*nū́
    • Avestan:𐬥𐬏(nū,“now”)
    • Kurdish:

      Northern Kurdish:niha(nihā),noke(nōka,“now”)

      Central Kurdish:ھەنووکە(hanūka,“now”)

    • Northern Kurdish:nika(nikā,“now”)
  • ⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian:*-aHni(ending of 1sg.subj.act.)(<*-aH +*nú, with *-u > *-i influenced by 2sg. *-āsi, 3sg. *-āti^[1])
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit:-आनि(-āni)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan:

        Old Avestan:-𐬁𐬥𐬍(-ānī)

        Younger Avestan:-𐬁𐬥𐬌(-āni),-𐬈𐬥𐬌(-eni)

• Proto-Italic:*nū^[2]
  • ⇒ Latin:nūper
  • ⇒ Latin:nudius(length of bothu's unclear)
• Proto-Tocharian:*nū^[13]
  • Tocharian A:nu
  • Tocharian B:no

• Proto-Indo-European lemmas
• Proto-Indo-European adverbs

• Pages with entries
• Pages with 1 entry
• Phrygian terms in nonstandard scripts
• Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations
• Requests for native script for Middle Persian terms
• Requests for native script for Sogdian terms
• Undetermined language links
• Requests for Anatolian hieroglyphic script for Luwian terms
• Requests for native script for Luwian terms
• Central Kurdish terms with non-redundant manual transliterations