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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

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ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Root

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*h₂er-^[1]^[2]^[3]

tofit, tofix, toput together, toslot

Alternative reconstructions

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*h₁ar-^[1]^[4]^[5]

Extensions

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^?*h₂or-d-[6]
- ⇒ Proto-Italic:*ord-i-
  - ⇒ Latin:ōrdior
- ⇒ Proto-Italic:*ordō
  - Latin:ōrdō (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂er-(52 c, 0 e)

*h₂ér-t ~ *h₂r-ént(athematic root aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Epic Greek:ἄρμενος(ármenos,“fitting”,med.ptc.)
^?*h₂er, *h₂r̥(“thus, so”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*ir(or from*h₂í-r^[7])
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - Latgalian:i
    - Latvian:ir
    - Lithuanian:ir̃
  - Old Prussian:ir,er
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:ἄρα(ára)
*h₂r-éh₁(ye)-ti
- ⇒*h₂reh₁-(reanalyzed root)
- ⇒*h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂(possibly, maybe with root*(s)neh₁-)
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek:ἀράχνη(arákhnē),ἀράχνης(arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic:
    - >? Latin:arānea,arāneus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ér-dʰro-m
- Proto-Hellenic:*ártʰron
  - Ancient Greek:ἄρθρον(árthron)
*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic:*ármə
  - Ancient Greek:ἅρμα(hárma)
    - Greek:άρμα(árma)
    - → Classical Syriac:ܐܪܡܐ(ʔarmā)
- ⇒*h₂er-mn̥-to-^[8]
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Latin:armenta
      - ⇒ Latin:armentum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂er-mó-s ~*h₂r̥-mó-s^[8]
- Proto-Hellenic:*armós
  - Ancient Greek:ἁρμός(harmós)(or from*h₂(e)r-smo-s) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒*h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti
  - Proto-Hellenic:*armóďďō
    - Ancient Greek:ἁρμόζω(harmózō)
- ⇒*h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek:ἁρμονίᾱ(harmoníā)
      - → Latin:harmonia (see there for further descendants)
      - → Russian:гармония(garmonija)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin:arma n pl(“arms, weapons”)
(unrelated?[9])*h₂erH-mo-s ~*h₂r̥H-mó-s(“arm”)^[10]
- ⇒ Old Armenian:արմուկն(armukn,“elbow”)
  - Armenian:արմունկ(armunk)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*írˀma-,*írˀmen-,*árˀmen-^[11]
  - Latvian:ir̃mi(“legs”)
  - ⇒ Lithuanian:irmėdė(“gout”)
  - Old Prussian:irmo(“arm”)
  - Proto-Slavic:*òrmę,*òrmo(“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:*armaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Hr̥Hmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit:ईर्म(īrmá,“arm, forequarter”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀(arma,“arm, forequarter”)
    - Ossetian:арм(arm,“hand”)
    - Khotanese:[script needed](ārra,“arm; hand paw”)
    - Wakhi:(/⁠yurm⁠/)
      Arabic script:یؤرم
      Cyrillic script:юрм(yurm)
    - Yidgha:یارمه(yārmë,“shoulder”)
    - Zazaki:erme(/⁠arma⁠/),ermı(/⁠arme⁠/),harme(/⁠hārma⁠/),herme(/⁠harma⁠/)
    - Old Persian:*𐎠𐎼𐎶(*a-r-m/⁠*arma⁠/,“arm”)
      - Middle Persian:(/⁠arm⁠/)
        Book Pahlavi script:[Book Pahlavi needed](ʾlm)
        Classical Persian:ارم(arm,“arm”)
- Proto-Italic:*armos
  - Latin:armus m(“forequarter”),(possibly)rāmus(“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂er-mr̥
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B:āmpär^[12]
*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s
- >? Proto-Germanic:*ardiz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:*Hártiš
    - Avestan:(“reward”)
      Old Avestan:𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌(arəⁱti)
      Younger Avestan:𐬀𐬴𐬌(aṣ̌i)
- Proto-Italic:*artis
  - Latin:ars (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Tocharian:*ārtsä^[13]
  - Tocharian A:ārts
  - Tocharian B:artsa(“each”)
*h₂érti(possibly a loc.sg. of a noun on *-t-,^[14] or with adverbial suffix*-ti^[5])
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian:արդ(ard,“(just) now”)
    - Armenian:արդ(ard)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian:arti̇̀(“near”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:ἄρτι(árti)
- Phrygian:αρτ(art,“near”)
*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian:արդ(ard,“shape, order”)
    - Armenian:արդ(ard),արդուկ(arduk)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:ἀρτύς(artús),ἀρτύω(artúō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Hr̥túš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:*Hr̥túṣ
    - Sanskrit:ऋतु(ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian:*Hr̥túš
    - Avestan:𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎(ratu,“judgement; period of time”)
    - Khotanese:[script needed](rūtā,“season”)
    - Sogdian:(/⁠rətu ~ ratu⁠/,“period of 10 seconds”)
      Manichaean script:𐫡𐫤𐫇(rtw),𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇(rttw)
    - Middle Persian:(/⁠rad⁠/,“chief, master; judge”)
      Book Pahlavi script:[Book Pahlavi needed](lt')
      - Classical Persian:رد(rad,“sage, wise man”)
      - → Aramaic:ܪܕ(rd/⁠rad⁠/,“ruler”)
- Proto-Italic:*artus
  - Latin:artus(“joint”)
    - Italian:arto
- Proto-Tocharian:*ārtw-^[15]
  - Tocharian A:ārt-
  - Tocharian B:ārtt-
*h₂ér-yos
- Proto-Germanic:*arjaz
  - Proto-West Germanic:*ari
  - Proto-Norse:*ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ(*arjaʀ) (attested inᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ(arjosteʀ))
    - Old Norse:*err
  - Gothic:*𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃(*arjis)
*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és
- ⇒*h₂ér-(h₁)-isō
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek:ἀρείων(areíōn,“better”)
- ⇒*h₂ér-is-to-s
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek:ἄριστος(áristos,“best”)
      - ⇒ Ancient Greek:ἀριστερός(aristerós,“left”)
        Greek:αριστερός(aristerós)
^?*h₂ór-o-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Háram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:*Háram
    - Sanskrit:अरम्(áram)
      - Sanskrit:अलम्(álam) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian:*Háram
    - Avestan:(“fitting, just”)
      Old Avestan:𐬀𐬭𐬇𐬨(arə̄m)
      Younger Avestan:𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨(ar^əm)
*h₂r̥-tó-s(“fitted”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek:ἁμαρτή(hamartḗ)(combined withἅμα(háma)),ὁμαρτέω(homartéō,combined withὁμός(homós),ὁμοῦ(homoû))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:*artos
  - Latin:artus(“close, firm”)
    - Italian:arto

Unsorted formations

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Proto-Anatolian:*ʔor-(< *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/^[3])
- Lycian:[script needed](ara-,“rite”)
- Hittite:𒀀𒀀𒊏(āra,“right, proper”)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian:առնեմ(aṙnem),յարեմ(yarem),յարմար(yarmar),(possibly)անարի(anari),(possibly)արմանամ(armanam) (see there for further descendants)
Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic:*arьmò,*arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek:ἀραρίσκω(ararískō)
- Ancient Greek:ὅμηρος(hómēros) (withὁμός(homós),ὁμοῦ(homoû))
- Ancient Greek:ἀρθμός(arthmós)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit:अर(ará,“spoke (of a wheel)”)
(unlikely^[16]) Proto-Tocharian:*āräñce(“heart”)
- Tocharian A:āriñc
- Tocharian B:arañce
Proto-Tocharian:*ārwer(“ready”)^[17]
- Tocharian A:ārwar
- Tocharian B:ārwer

References

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↑^1.0^1.1^1.2Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*h₂er-”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,→ISBN,pages269-270
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀραρίσκω”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page123
↑^3.0^3.1Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008),Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page198f
^Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024), “1.*h₂er-”, inAddenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
↑^5.0^5.1Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*h₁ára, *h₁árti”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter,→ISBN, pages288-292
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008),Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page434
^Dunkel, George E. (2014),Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter,→ISBN, page337
↑^8.0^8.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arma, -ōrum”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page54
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἅρμα 1”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, pages133-4
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “armus”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page55
^Derksen, Rick (2015), “irmėdė”, inEtymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;13), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages203-4
^Isebaert, Lambert (1977), “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, inOrbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume26: “āmpär”
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “artsa”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,page27
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “143”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, pageἄρτι
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ārtt-”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,page55
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “arañce”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,page23
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ārwer”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,pages56-57

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Proto-Indo-European

Root

Alternative reconstructions

Extensions

Derived terms

Unsorted formations

References

Further reading