ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root*h₂eh₁- as found inPalaic[script needed](hāri),[script needed](hānta,“to heat up”,intransitive),Proto-Celtic*ā-tis(“furnace, oven”) and PIE*h₂éh₁-tēr(“fire”);^[1][2] see also*h₂eh₃-(“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from*h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.

*h₂eHs-

1. to bedry, to dry
2. toburn, toglow
3. hearth
4. ashes

The long-vowel forms reflecting*ās- <*HaHs- have been explained as taken from a reduplicated perfect*h₂e-h₂s-, thus*h₂es- could be original, explaining the presence of both long and short root vowels in descendants.^[3][4] However, the morphological motivation for deriving nouns from such a stem*h₂e-h₂s- is unclear (but cf.*kʷé-kʷl-os,*bʰé-bʰr-us).
On the other hand, Kloekhorst argues thatHittite𒄩𒀀𒀸(ḫāš,“ash”),𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸(ḫāššāš,“fireplace, hearth”) (and therefore alsoOld Latināsa(“altar”) and cognates) can only reflect*h₂eh₁s-.^[5][6] Beekes interprets this*h₂eh₁s- as dissimilated regularly from*h₂ed-s- in pre-PIE, from the root*h₂ed- as found in Hittite𒄩𒀀𒋾(ḫāti).^[7] To this root, he and Puhvel^[8] addAncient Greekἄζω(ázō), and Kroonen addsProto-Germanic*azgǭ.^[9]

• *h₂eh₁s-^[10][11]
• *h₂es-^[3][4],*ā̆s-^[12]

• *h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)-(stative)^[10]
  • Proto-Italic:*āzēō
    • Latin:āreō(“to be dry”)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B:osotär(“dry up”,verb)^[11][13]
• ^?*h₂éH(s)-mr̥(“(*heat of the sun >) day”)(or more likely*h₂éH-mr̥, directly from*h₂eh₁-)
• *h₂éHs-s(root noun)^[5]
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite:𒄩𒀀𒀸 c(ḫāšš-,“ash(es); dust; soap”)
• *h₂eHs-h₂-(“hearth, fireplace”)[10]
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite:𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c(ḫāššā-,“fireplace, hearth”)[6]
    • Lycian:𐊜𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊅𐊆 c(xahadi-,“altar”)
  • Proto-Italic:*āzā(“altar”)
    • Old Latin:āsa
      • Latin:āra (see there for further descendants)
    • Oscan:aasa-(“altar”)
• *h₂(H)s-tḗr(“star”)

Enlarged with a dental:

• Armenian:
  • >? Old Armenian:հաստեայ(hasteay,“kind of pastry”)
  • >? Old Armenian:ոստին(ostin,“dry”)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Czech:ozditi(“to dry malt”)
  • Old Polish:ozd(“dry malt”)
• Hellenic:
  • >? Ancient Greek:ἄζω(ázō,“to dry”)(or simply from*h₂ed-ye-^[8][7])
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Iranian:
    • Khotanese:[script needed](astaucä,“dry land”)
    • → Old Armenian:աստուճ(astuč,“dry (of bread)”)
• Proto-Italic:*assos(“dried, roasted”)
  • Latin:assus(“roasted, baked”)

Enlarged with a velar:

• ^?*h₂eH(s)-k-mo-
  • >? Proto-Germanic:*ōhmaz(“burn, rash?”)^[14](more likely reconstruction:*ēmaz; see*ēmǭ)
    • Proto-West Germanic:*ōhm
      • Old English:ōm(“rust”),ōme(“rash”)
      • German:(dialectal)Ahm,Ohm(“erysipelas; kornbrand”)
    • Old Norse:ámr(“dark, dark red”)
      • Icelandic:ámur
• *h₂(H)s-g⁽ʷ⁾-
  • Proto-Armenian:(<*h₂Hs-g-y-on-)
    • Old Armenian:աճիւն(ačiwn,“ashes”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • >? Old Armenian:ասկն(askn,“ruby”)
  • >? Ancient Greek:ἄσβολος(ásbolos,“soot”),ἀσβόλη(asbólē)(<*h₂s-gʷ-, or more likely fromPre-Greek)
• *h₂(H)s-gʰ-
  • Old Armenian:ազազեմ(azazem,“to make dry”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Germanic:*askǭ(“ash, ashes”),*azgǭ(East Germanic)(or from*h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?^[9]) (see there for further descendants)
• Unknown source language:
  • →? Proto-Finnic:*kaski(“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Germanic:
  • Proto-Germanic:*asjō^[4]
    • Old High German:essa(“furnace”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic:*azinaz
    • Proto-Norse:ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨᛉ(aʀinaʀ,“hearth(stone), fireplace; *ash”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian:*HáHsas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:*HáHsas
    • Sanskrit:आस(ā́sa,“ashes, dust”)
  • Proto-Iranian:*HáHhah
    • Ormuri:[script needed](yānak,“ash”) <*ās-naka-
    • Persian:آهک(âhak,“lime”)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A:asatär(“dries up”)
  • Tocharian B:osotär(“dries up”)
• >? Proto-Tocharian:*āstäre(“pure”)^[15]
  • Tocharian A:āştär(“pure”)
  • Tocharian B:astare(“pure”)
• Proto-Tocharian:*ās-^[16]
  • Tocharian A:ās-
  • Tocharian B:ās-

• Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008),Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages371f, 376f
• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010),Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages7, 44, 118f
• Mallory, J. P.,Adams, D. Q., editors (1997),Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,page170b

• Proto-Indo-European lemmas
• Proto-Indo-European roots
• Proto-Indo-European HeHC-shaped roots

• Requests for native script for Palaic terms
• Pages with entries
• Pages with 1 entry
• Lycian terms with non-redundant manual transliterations
• Requests for native script for Khotanese terms
• Requests for attention concerning Proto-Germanic
• attention lacking explanation
• Requests for attention concerning Proto-West Germanic
• Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations
• Requests for native script for Ormuri terms
• Requests for attention concerning Proto-Iranian