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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eǵ-

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ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology 1

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Root

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*h₂eǵ- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

todrive

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ-(65 c, 0 e)

*h₂éǵ-e-ti(thematic root present)
*h₂i-h₂ǵ-é-ti(reduplicated thematic present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit:ईजते(ī́jate,“to drive”)
*h₂eǵ-dʰlo-^[4]
- Proto-Italic:*agdlom?
  - ⇒ Latin:(co)āgulum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éǵ-mn̥ ~ *h₂ǵ-mén-s^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic:*ákʰmə
  - ⇒ Aeolic Greek:ἄχματα(ákhmata)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Háȷ́ma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:*Háȷ́ma
    - Sanskrit:अज्मन्(ájman)
- Proto-Italic:*agmən
  - Latin:agmen
    - ⇒ Latin:exāmen (see there for further descendants)
*h₂óǵ-mo-s(“drive, path”)
*h₂eǵ-nó-s
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:*agnas
  - Lithuanian:agnùs(“agile, energetic”)
*h₂eǵ-ó-s^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:*agós
  - Ancient Greek:ᾰ̓γός(ăgós,“leader”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Haȷ́ás(“leader”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit:अज(ajá,“driver”)
*h₂éǵ-ro-s(“field, pasturage”)
*h₂eǵ-ro-(“hunt, slaughter”)
- Proto-Celtic:*agrom(“slaughter, battle”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:ᾰ̓́γρᾱ(ắgrā,“hunt”),ᾰ̓́γρη(ắgrē) —Ionic
    - Greek:άγρα(ágra)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - ⇒ Avestan:𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍(azrōdaⁱδī,“hunt”)
*h₂eḱs-(“axis”)(possibly)
*h₂ǵ-es-(post-PIE)
- >? Proto-Germanic:*kas-
- Proto-Italic:*gezō
  - Faliscan:𐌊𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌕(keset)
  - Latin:gerō (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Latin:gestō (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ǵ-tó-s^[2]
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic:*ambaxtos
  - Proto-Brythonic:*ammaɨθ
    - Old Breton:ambaith
    - Cornish:ammeth
    - Middle Welsh:amaeth
      - Welsh:amaeth
  - Old Irish:amos,amsach(perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)
    - Irish:amhas
  - Gaulish:ambaxtos
    - → Latin:ambactus,ambaxtus^[6] (see there for further descendants)
    - → Proto-Germanic:*ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:*aktós
  - Ancient Greek:ἐπᾰκτός(epăktós)
- Proto-Italic:*aktos
  - Latin:āctus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éǵ-tōr ~ *h₂ǵ-trés
- Proto-Hellenic:*áktōr
  - Ancient Greek:ᾰ̓́κτωρ(ắktōr)
- Proto-Italic:*aktōr
  - Latin:actor (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éǵ-tr-eh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*HáštraH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit:आजि(āji,“match, competition”)
Iranian:
- Classical Persian:آژیانه(āžiyāna,“the marbled field or ground”)
- Classical Persian:آژینه(āžīna,“the iron tool which releated to axile”)
- Zazaki:hêga(hēgā,“ground, earth”)(maybe from un-iranian roots)
Proto-Tocharian:*ekäñye-(possibly)^[7]
- Tocharian A:akäṃtsune
- Tocharian B:ekaññe

Descendants

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Proto-Tocharian:*āk-^[8]
- Tocharian A:āk-
- Tocharian B:āk-
Sanskrit:अज्(aj)
→ Proto-Uralic:*aja- (see there for further descendants)

References

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↑^1.0^1.1Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂eg̑-”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,→ISBN,pages255-256
↑^2.0^2.1^2.2Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂eg̑-”, inNomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages267-277
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “agō, -ere”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages30-31
^Sihler, Andrew L. (1995),New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN
^Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “ajá-[1]”, inThe Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page19
^Lambert, Pierre-Yves; Pinault, Georges-Jean (2007),Gaulois et celtique continental‎^[1], page191
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ekaññi”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,page79
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āk-”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,pages38-39

Etymology 2

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The alternation with*h₂eyǵ- could suggest a substratum loan.^[1]

Root

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*h₂eǵ-

goat

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ- (goat)(1 c, 0 e)

*h₂eǵ-ó-s^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*Haȷ́ás(“goat”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂eǵ-i-no-(“of a goat; goat-skin”)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*āˀźina
  - Lithuanian:oženà f(“goat-skin”),oži̇̀nis(“goat”,adj.)
  - Proto-Slavic:*azьno n(“goat-skin”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    Sanskrit:अजिन n(ajína,“skin (of an animal, esp. goat), hide; pelt, fur; leather bag”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - ⇒ Younger Avestan:𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙(azinauuaṇt,“wearing a skin”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:*āˀźis
- Latvian:āzis
- Lithuanian:ožỹs m,ožkà f
- Old Prussian:wosux(vōzuks)
- Proto-Slavic:*azь (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Finnic:*voohi (see there for further descendants)

References

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↑^1.0^1.1Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “ajá-[2]”, inThe Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages19-20
^Derksen, Rick (2008), “*azьno”, inEtymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages31–32

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eǵ-

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading

Etymology 2

Root

Derived terms

References

Further reading