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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

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ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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Possibly related to*ád(“to”). Compare a similar relationship between*pó and*ap, both variants of*apó(“away”).^[1]

Adverb

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*de ~ *door*-de ~ *-do^[1]

(pre- and postposition),to,towards
Emphatic or contrastive particle,and,but^[2]

Usage notes

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The particle in Proto-Indo-European experienced ablaut between*de and*do but was otherwise indeclinable.

Derived terms

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*de-h₁(with instrumental suffix*-h₁)^[3] (see there for further descendants)
*do-h₁(with instrumental suffix*-h₁)^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*dō
  - Proto-Slavic:*da (see there for further descendants)
  - Lithuanian:do
- Proto-Celtic:*dū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:*tō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:*-dō
  - Latin:(quan)dō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Old Latin:dōnicum,dōnique
    - Latin:dōnec
*(h₁)n̥-dó^[4]^[5]

Descendants

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Proto-Balto-Slavic:*da^[6]
- Lithuanian:da-
- Latvian:da
- Proto-Slavic:*do (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic:*de
Proto-Germanic:*ta
Proto-Hellenic:*dé^[7]
- Ancient Greek:δέ(dé)
- Mycenaean Greek:𐀆(de,“but”) (e.g.𐀅𐀗𐀆(da-mo-de/⁠dāmos de⁠/,“but the people”))
Proto-Hellenic:*-de^[8]
- Ancient Greek:-δε(-de) (e.g.ὅδε(hóde),δόμονδε(dómonde),Ἀθήναζε(Athḗnaze)),δεῦρο(deûro)
- Mycenaean Greek:𐀆(de,“towards”) (e.g.𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆(ku-do-ni-ja-de/⁠Kudōnijān-de⁠/),𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆(a-mo-te-jo-na-de/⁠harmoteiōna-de⁠/,“to the wheelwright”))
Proto-Italic:*-de^[9]
- Latin:-de (e.g.quamde/quande,inde,unde)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic:*kʷomde(“when”)
  - Oscan:𐌐𐌞𐌍(pún),𐌐𐌖𐌍(pun);𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌(punum) (<*kʷomdum)
  - Umbrian:𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄(pune),𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉(puni)

References

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↑^1.0^1.1Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*dó”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter,→ISBN, pages148-56
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011),Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected byMichiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,§17.3, page249
↑^3.0^3.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages160-161
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “endo, indu(-), indi-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page189
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔνδον”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, pages421-422
^Derksen, Rick (2008), “*do”, inEtymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page109
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δέ”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page307
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “-δε”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page307
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-de”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page162

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Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Adverb

Usage notes

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading