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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ker-

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ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Root

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*(s)ker-^[1]

tocut off,sever
toseparate,divide

Alternative reconstructions

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*(s)kerH-^[2]^[3]

Extensions

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*(s)kerb-
*(s)kerdʰ-:see*(s)kérdʰh₁eti
*ker-p-
*(s)ker-s-
- Proto-Tocharian:*kärst-^[4]
  - Tocharian A:kärṣt-
  - Tocharian B:kärst-
*(s)ker-t-^[5]
- *(s)kert-sneh₂
  - Proto-Italic:*kertsnā(“portion; meal”)
    - Latin:cēna (see there for further descendants)
    - Oscan:𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌍𐌖(kersnu)
    - Umbrian:śesna
- *(s)kr̥t-ó-m(or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)
  - Proto-Italic:*skortom
    - Latin:scortum,scrōtum,(possibly)scrautum (see there for further descendants)
- >?*(s)kort-ek-s
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Latin:cortex (see there for further descendants)
- *(s)kr̥t-tó-s
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian:*kr̥tˢtás
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:*kr̥ttás
      - Sanskrit:कृत्त(kṛttá,“cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)
- Unsorted formations
  - Proto-Albanian:*štšertja
    - Albanian:çars
  - Sanskrit:कर्तति(kartati,“cut”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Sanskrit:कृन्तति(kṛntáti,“cut”)
  - Sanskrit:कर्तनी(kartanī,“scissors”)
  - Proto-Tocharian:
    - Tocharian B:kertte(“sword”)^[6]
*skr-éy-ti^?
- ⇒*(s)kr-ey-bʰ-
- ⇒*(s)kr-ey-p-^[7]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Latvian:skrīpât
*(s)kr-ew-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin:scrūta
*(s)kr-ew-p-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin:scrūpus

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (cut)(47 c, 0 e)

*sker-e-ti(root thematic present)
- Proto-Albanian:*skera
  - Albanian:shqerr
- Proto-Germanic:*skeraną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér(H)-dʰh₁e-ti

*skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti(root athematic present)^[8]
- Proto-Celtic:*skarati(“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker(H)-ye-(ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*skírˀtei(with evidence of a laryngeal?)^[2]
  - Latvian:šķir̃t
  - Lithuanian:ski̇̀rti(“to separate, distinguish”)
- Proto-Hellenic:*keřřō
  - Ancient Greek:κείρω(keírō)

*(s)kér(H)-ō^[3]
- Proto-Italic:*karō
  - Latin:carō (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan:karneis (genitive singular)
  - Umbrian:𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖(karu)

*skēr-is
- Proto-Germanic:*skēriz (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*čárma (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mō
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:*kremō (possibly)
  - Proto-Slavic:*kremy (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s
- Proto-Germanic:*skurdiz(“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*(s)kr̥tíṣ
  - Proto-Iranian:*(s)kr̥tíṣ
    - Sanskrit:कृति(kṛtí,“the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)

*(s)kor-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*karā́ˀ
  - Proto-Slavic:*kora (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*skarā́ˀ
  - Proto-Slavic:*skora (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:*skarō(“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)

*kor-h₂
- Proto-Italic:*korā

*(s)kor-os
- Proto-Germanic:*skaraz
  - Old English:scear
    - English:share
  - Old High German:skar
    - German:Schar

*(s)kor-mós
- Proto-Hellenic:*kormós
  - Ancient Greek:κορμός(kormós)
    - Greek:κορμός(kormós)

*(s)kor-tós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*kártas
  - Proto-Slavic:*kõrtъ
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic:*kortъkъ(formed with*-ъkъ)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic:*kortiti(formed with*-iti)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*(s)kartás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:*(s)kartás
    - Sanskrit:कर्त(kartá,“cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)

*(s)kor-yo-
- Proto-Italic:*korjom
  - Latin:corium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic:*krъtъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:*skurtaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:*kortos
  - Latin:curtus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:çjerr,harr,thërras
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian:քերեմ(kʻerem),քերծեմ(kʻercem),քերթեմ(kʻertʻem),քորեմ(kʻorem) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian:cirst
- Lithuanian:kirsti
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian:cirvis
- Lithuanian:kirvis
- → Proto-Finnic:*kirves (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic:*korukos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic:*skirmiz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic:*skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic:*skurō(“incision; tear; rift”)
- Old Norse:skor
  - Danish:skår
  - Icelandic:skora
  - Norwegian:skòr
    - → Norwegian Bokmål:skår
  - Swedish:skåra
  - → Old English:scoru
    - Middle English:score,scoore,skore
      - English:score
      - Yola:score
Proto-Germanic:*skuriz
- Old Dutch:*skuri
  - Middle Dutch:schore,schuere
    - Dutch:scheur

References

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^Rix, Helmut, editor (2001),Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,→ISBN,pages556-557
↑^2.0^2.1Derksen, Rick (2015), “skirti”, inEtymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;13), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page405
↑^3.0^3.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “carō, carnis”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page94
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kärst-”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,pages178-179
^Rix, Helmut, editor (2001),Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,→ISBN,pages559-560
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kertte”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,page211
^Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991),The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi,→ISBN, page244
^Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004),Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft;110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid,→ISBN, pages576-578

Pokorny, Julius (1959),Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag,page938

Etymology

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Root

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*(s)ker-

toturn,bend

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (turn)(21 c, 0 e)

*(s)kr̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:κυρτός(kurtós)
*(s)kr̥-wós
- Proto-Italic:*korwos
  - Latin:curvus (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kr̥-kr̥-(duplicated)
- Proto-Italic:*karkros,*kankros
  - Latin:carcer,cancer (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ker-k-(extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:κίρκος(kírkos),κρίκος(kríkos) (see there for further descendants)
    - → Latin:circus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic:*kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂(extended)
- >? Proto-Italic:*korteinā
  - Latin:cortīna (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ker-ew-(extended)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:κορωνός(korōnós),κορώνη(korṓnē)
*(s)kor-os
- Proto-Celtic:*koros
  - Old Irish:cor
    - ⇒ Old Irish:·cuirethar
      - Middle Irish:cuirid
        Irish:cuir
        Manx:cur,cuirr
        Scottish Gaelic:cuir
*(s)kre-i-(extended)
- *(s)krey-wos
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:*kreiwás
    - Proto-Slavic:*krivъ
- *(s)krey-n-yo-m
  - Proto-Italic:*skreiniom
    - Latin:scrīnium (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kre-i-s-(extended)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin:crīnis,crista,crispus
*(s)kre-u-k-(extended)
- Proto-Italic:*kruks
  - Latin:crux
*(s)kre-n-gʰ-(extended, nasalized)
- Proto-Germanic:*hringaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic:*krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit:कृणत्ति(kṛṇatti)
- Sanskrit:क्रुञ्चति(kruñcati)
- Sanskrit:क्रौञ्च(krauñca)

References

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Pokorny, Julius (1959),Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag,page935