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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵónu

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ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Noun

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*ǵónu n [1]^[2]

knee

Inflection

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Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵónu
genitive	*ǵnéws
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵónu	*ǵónwih₁	*ǵónuh₂
vocative	*ǵónu	*ǵónwih₁	*ǵónuh₂
accusative	*ǵónu	*ǵónwih₁	*ǵónuh₂
genitive	*ǵnéws	*?	*ǵnéwoHom
ablative	*ǵnéws	*?	ǵnúmos,ǵnúbʰos
dative	*ǵnéwey	*?	ǵnúmos,ǵnúbʰos
locative	ǵnéw,ǵnéwi	*?	*ǵnúsu
instrumental	*ǵnúh₁	*?	ǵnúmis,ǵnúbʰis

Derived terms

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*ǵénw-eh₂
- Proto-Celtic:*genwā(“(river) bend”)
  - → Latin:Genava(toponym)
    - → English:Geneva
  - → Latin:Genua(toponym) (see there for further descendants)
    - → English:Genoa
*ǵnéw-o-m^[1]
- Proto-Germanic:*knewą^[3] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnu-nó-s^[3]
- Proto-Albanian:*gluna(< earlier*gnuna)^[4]
  - Albanian:glû
    - Albanian:gju,gjû
*ǵnu-tó-s
- *ǵnút-tu-s^[5]
  - Proto-Germanic:*knussuz^[5]
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic:*knussijaną(“to kneel”)^[5]
      - Gothic:𐌺𐌽𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽(knussjan)
- *ǵnut-néh₂-ti(*néh₂-present)^[5]
  - Proto-Germanic:*knuttōną(“to swat”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnuh₂-nó-s(< plural*ǵónuh₂)
- Proto-Celtic:*glūnos(< earlier*gnūnos)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnus-ró-s
- *ǵnusr-yé-ti(“to kneel”,yé-denomitive)^[7]
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - Hittite:𒄀𒉡𒍑𒊭𒊑𒊍𒍣(ge-nu-uš-ša-ri-az-zi)
*ǵonw-ó-s^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic:*gonwós^[8]
  - Ancient Greek:γουνός(gounós)
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:*gónwatos^[8]
    - Ancient Greek:γόνατος(gónatos,gen.sg.),γόνυ(gónu,“knee; plant node”,nom.sg.)
      - Greek:γόνατο(gónato)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian:ծունգք(cungkʻ),ծունկք(cunkkʻ,plural)
- >? Proto-Germanic:*knuttô(“knot”)^[9]
- Proto-Hellenic:*gonwía^[10]
  - Ancient Greek:γωνία(gōnía,“corner”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:γνύξ(gnúx)
- Illyrian:
  - → Ancient Greek:Γενουσία(Genousía)(toponym)
  - → Latin:Genusia(toponym)
    - → Italian:Ginosa,(dialectal)Genòse
- Illyrian:
  - → Ancient Greek:Γενούσιος(Genoúsios)(toponym)
- Illyrian:
  - → Ancient Greek:Γενοῦσος(Genoûsos)(toponym)
    - → Latin:Genusus,Genōsus

Descendants

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Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite:𒄀𒂊𒉡(ge-e-nu/⁠gēnu⁠/,nom.-acc.sg), (/ganu-/ in oblique cases)^[7]
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian:ծունր(cunr)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- >? Proto-Slavic:*zveno (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic:*gónu
- Ancient Greek:γόνυ(gónu)
  - Greek:γόνατο(gónato)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:*ȷ́ā́nu (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic:*genū^[11](< instrumental*ǵénuh₁)
- Latin:genū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian:*kenw-^[12]
- *kenwäi(dual)
  - Tocharian A:kanweṃ(dual)
  - Tocharian B:keni(dual)

References

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↑^1.0^1.1Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑enu-, g̑neu-”, inIndogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag,pages380-381
^Ringe, Donald (2006)From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press,→ISBN
↑^3.0^3.1^3.2Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knewa-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page296
^Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gju ~ gjû”, inAlbanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page137
↑^5.0^5.1^5.2^5.3^5.4Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knussjan-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page298
^Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*glūnos-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden:Brill,→ISBN,page162
↑^7.0^7.1Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(UZU)genu- / ganu-”, inEtymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages540-541
↑^8.0^8.1Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γόνυ”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page283
^Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knūþan- ~ *knuttan-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,pages298-9
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γωνία”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page294
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “genu, -ūs”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page259
^Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “keni”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,pages205-206

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