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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną

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ThisProto-Germanic entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈwe.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

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From two differentProto-Indo-European roots:^[1]

The present tense from*h₁ésti, from*h₁es-(“to be”).
The past tense from*h₂wes-(“to dwell, stay”).

Verb

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*wesaną

tobe
Synonym:*beuną
toremain
toexist

Inflection

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This verb is suppletive. The past and imperative are conjugated with the strong class 5 stemwes-, the remainder with an irregular stem(i)s-.

Conjugation of*wesaną (irregular, suppletive)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*immi	*sijǭ	—	—	—
2nd singular	*izi	*sijēs	*wes	—	—
3rd singular	*isti	*sijē	*wesadau	—	—
1st dual	*izū	*sīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*izudiz	*sīþiz	*wesadiz	—	—
1st plural	*izum	*sīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*izud	*sīþ	*wisid	—	—
3rd plural	*sindi	*sīn	*wesandau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn

	present	past
participles	*wesandz	—

Derived terms

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Descendants

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This section only lists descendants of the infinitive form,*wesaną. For other inflections, see the#Inflection section above.

Proto-West Germanic:*wesan
- Old English:wesan
  - >? Middle English:wesen(“to tend flocks, pasture”)
- Old Frisian:wēsa
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum:wees
    Halligen:weese
    Helgoland:wees
    Mooring:weese
  - Saterland Frisian:weze
  - West Frisian:wêze
- Old Saxon:wesan
  - Middle Low German:wēsen,sîn
    - Dutch Low Saxon:waen
    - German Low German:wesen,ween
- Old Dutch:wesan,weson
  - Middle Dutch:wēsen
    - Dutch:wezen
      - Afrikaans:wees
      - Jersey Dutch:wêze
      - Negerhollands:wees,wis
    - Limburgish:waeze
- Old High German:wesan
  - Middle High German:wësen
Proto-Norse:
- Old Norse:vesa(early),vera
  - Icelandic:vera
  - Faroese:vera
  - Norwegian Nynorsk:vera;(dialectal)vè,vårå,vørå,vørrø,vara,va
  - Jamtish:vara,ve
  - Elfdalian:wårå
  - Old Swedish:vara,væra,væræ
    - Swedish:vara
  - Old Danish:wæræ,waræ
    - Danish:være
      - Norwegian Bokmål:være
  - Old Gutnish:wara
Gothic:𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽(wisan)

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Indo-European*wes-(“to graze”). Related toProto-Celtic*westā(“food, feast”),Latinvēscor(“to make use of”).^[2]^[3]

Verb

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*wesaną

toconsume,feast

Inflection

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Conjugation of*wesaną (strong class 5)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wesō	*wesaų	—	*wesai	?
2nd singular	*wisizi	*wesaiz	*wes	*wesazai	*wesaizau
3rd singular	*wisidi	*wesai	*wesadau	*wesadai	*wesaidau
1st dual	*wesōz	*wesaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wesadiz	*wesaidiz	*wesadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wesamaz	*wesaim	—	*wesandai	*wesaindau
2nd plural	*wisid	*wesaid	*wisid	*wesandai	*wesaindau
3rd plural	*wesandi	*wesain	*wesandau	*wesandai	*wesaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn

	present	past
participles	*wesandz	*wezanaz

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Proto-West Germanic:*wesan
- >? Old English:wesan(“to feast”)
  - >? Middle English:wesen(“to tend, pasture”)
- Old High German:*wesan
  - ⇒ Old High German:ferwesan(“to waste, consume”)(only in glosses)
Gothic:𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽(wisan)

References

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^Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wesan- 1”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page582
^Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wesan- 2”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page582
^Seebold, Elmar (1970), “WES-A- 2”, inVergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica;85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton,→ISBN, pages562-63

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