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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tō

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ThisProto-Germanic entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Etymology

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FromProto-Indo-European*doh₁(“to”), instrumental singular of*de(“to, towards”). Cognate withRussianдо(do,“to”),Latvianda(“until, to”).^[1]

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /tɔː/

Preposition

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*tō

(with accusative)to

Related terms

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Descendants

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Proto-West Germanic:*tō
- Old English:tō,ti —Northumbrian
  - Middle English:to
    - English:to,too
    - Geordie:te,tiv
    - Scots:tae
- Old Frisian:tō,to
  - North Frisian:to,tö,tu
  - Saterland Frisian:tou
  - West Frisian:ta
  - ⇒ Old Frisian:tote,tot
- Old Saxon:tō,tuo,thuo,te,ti
  - Middle Low German:tô
    - Low German:to
    - Plautdietsch:to
  - ⇒ Old Saxon:tōtō,tōte
    - Middle Low German:tôte,tote,tôt,tot
- Old Dutch:tuo
  - Middle Dutch:toe,to,te
    - Dutch:toe
      - Afrikaans:toe
      - Jersey Dutch:tû
      - Negerhollands:tu,toe,due
  - ⇒ Old Dutch:tuote (<*tō +*ta)
    - Middle Dutch:tote,tot,toete,toet
      - Dutch:tot
        Afrikaans:tot
        Berbice Creole Dutch:tutu
        Jersey Dutch:tut,tût
        Negerhollands:tot,tee
      - Limburgish:tót
- Old High German:zuo,za,zi
  - Middle High German:zuo
    - Cimbrian:zo
    - East Central German:zu
    - German:zu
    - Luxembourgish:zou,zu
    - Vilamovian:cy
    - Yiddish:צו(tsu)
  - ⇒ Old High German:zuoza,zuozi
    - Middle High German:zuoze

References

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^Vladimir Orel (2003), “*tō”, inA Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page408

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