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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sa

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ThisProto-Germanic entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Etymology

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FromProto-Indo-European*só.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /sɑ/

Determiner

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*sa

that

Inflection

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Declension of*sa (irregular)
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	*sa	*sō	*þat(ō)	*þai	*þôz	*þō
accusative	*þanǭ	*þǭ	*þat(ō)	*þanz	*þōz	*þō
genitive	*þas	*þaizōz	*þas	*þaizǫ̂	*þaizǫ̂	*þaizǫ̂
dative	*þammai	*þaizōi	*þammai	*þaimaz	*þaimaz	*þaimaz
instrumental	*þanō	*þaizō	*þanō	*þaimiz	*þaimiz	*þaimiz

Nominative

*sa(nominative singular masculine; OE and OSsē derive from related*sai)
- Proto-West Germanic:
  - Old English:sē,þē —late nom. masc. sg. form,þē —Mercian,sæ,ðē,ðæ —Northumbrian
    - Middle English:se,ze,sæ
  - Old Saxon:sē
- Proto-Norse:ᛋᛡ(sᴀ)
  - Old Norse:sá
    - Icelandic:sá
    - Faroese:sá
    - Old Swedish:sa
- Gothic:𐍃𐌰(sa)
- ⇒(s- analogically replaced withþ- of the other forms)
  - Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old English:þē
      - Middle English:þe,the,thi,thy,þͤ,þᵉ,þi,þy
        English:the
        Fingallian:tha
        Scots:the
        Yola:a,tha,thay,the,th',ye,y',ee,eee
    - Old Frisian:thī,thā
      - North Frisian:
        Föhr-Amrum:de
        Mooring, Sylt:di
      - Saterland Frisian:die
      - West Frisian:de,dy
    - Old Saxon:thē
      - Middle Low German:de
        Low German:de
    - Old Dutch:thie
      - Middle Dutch:die
        Dutch:de,die
        Afrikaans:die
        Limburgish:dae
    - Old High German:dër(also influenced by adjective inflection)
      - Middle High German:dër
        Alemannic German:dr
        Swabian:d'r
        Bavarian:da
        Cimbrian:dèar,dar
        Mòcheno:der
        Central Franconian:
        Hunsrik:dää
        Kölsch:dä
        German:der
        Hessian:dè
        Yiddish:דער(der)
*sō(nominative singular feminine) (see there for further descendants)
*þat(nominative/accusative singular neuter; PNWG:*þat, PEG:*þatō) (see there for further descendants)
*þai(nominative plural masculine) (see there for further descendants)
*þôz(nominative/accusative plural feminine)
- Proto-Norse:ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ(þᴀiᴀʀ/⁠þaiaʀ⁠/)
  - Old West Norse:þær
    - Icelandic:þær
    - Faroese:tær
  - Old East Norse:þáʀ,ᚦᛆᛧ
    - Old Swedish:þār,þā
  - Old Gutnish:þar
- Gothic:𐌸𐍉𐍃(þōs)
*þō(nominative/accusative plural neuter)
- Proto-Norse:*ᚦᚨᚢᚾ(*þaun)
  - Old West Norse:þau
    - Icelandic:þau
    - Faroese:tey
  - Old East Norse:þaun,ᚦᛅᚢᚾ,ᚦᛆᚢᚿ
    - Old Swedish:þø̄n
  - Old Gutnish:þaun
- Gothic:𐌸𐍉(þō)

Accusative

For singular neuter, plural feminine, and plural neuter forms, seeNominative section above.

*þanǭ(accusative singular masculine)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þanā
  - Old English:þone,ðane —Kentish,þane,þæne,þene —Mercian,ðæne,ðene —Northumbrian,þonne,þon —Northumbrian
    - Middle English:þone,þane
      - English:than(obsolete)
  - Old Saxon:thana,thena
    - Low German:den
  - Old Dutch:thana
    - Dutch:den
    - Limburgish:den
  - Old High German:dën
    - Middle High German:dën
      - Cimbrian:den
      - German:den
      - Luxembourgish:deen
- Old Norse:þann
  - Icelandic:þann
  - Faroese:tann
  - Norwegian Nynorsk:dan,den
    - Russenorsk:den,dein,денъ(den)
  - Old Swedish:þæn,ᚦᛅᚿ
    - Swedish:den;then,dhen(obsolete)
  - Danish:den,æ
    - Norwegian Bokmål:den
- Gothic:𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰(þana)
*þǭ(accusative singular feminine)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þā
  - Old English:þā
    - Middle English:þa,þo
      - English:tho(obsolete)
  - Old Saxon:thia
    - Low German:de
  - Old Dutch:thie-a
    - Dutch:de
  - Old High German:diu
    - Middle High German:diu
      - Alemannic German:d
      - Cimbrian:dòi
      - East Central German:de
      - German:die
      - Kölsch:die
      - Luxembourgish:déi
      - Yiddish:די(di)
- Old Norse:þá
  - Icelandic:þá
  - Faroese:ta
  - Old Swedish:þā,þē
- Gothic:𐌸𐍉(þō)
*þanz(accusative plural masculine)
- Old Norse:þá
  - Icelandic:þá
  - Faroese:tá(obsolete)
  - Old Swedish:þā
- Gothic:𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃(þans)

Genitive

*þas(genitive singular masculine/neuter)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þas
  - Old English:þæs
    - Middle English:þæs,þas
      - English:thes(obsolete)
  - Old Saxon:thes
    - Low German:des
  - Old Dutch:thes
    - Dutch:des
  - Old High German:dës
    - Middle High German:dës
      - German:des
- Old Norse:þess
  - Icelandic:þess
  - Faroese:tess
  - Norwegian:dess
  - Old Swedish:þæs,thes,thess
    - Swedish:dess
- Gothic:𐌸𐌹𐍃(þis)
*þaizōz(genitive singular feminine)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þaiʀā
  - Old English:þǣre
    - Middle English:þǣre
  - Old Saxon:thera
  - Old Dutch:thero
    - Dutch:der
  - Old High German:dëra,dëru
    - Middle High German:dër,dëre
      - German:der
- Old Norse:þeirrar
  - Icelandic:þeirrar
  - Faroese:teirrar
  - Old Swedish:þēra,þærra
- Gothic:𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃(þizōs)
*þaizǫ̂(genitive plural)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þaiʀō
  - Old English:þāra,þǣra
    - Middle English:þare
  - Old Saxon:thero
    - Low German:der
  - Old Dutch:thero
    - Dutch:der
    - Limburgish:dier
  - Old High German:dëro
    - Middle High German:dër,dëre
      - Cimbrian:dar
      - German:der
- Proto-Norse:*ᚦᚨᛁᛉᛟ(*þaiʀo/⁠*þaizō⁠/)
  - Old Norse:þeira,þeirra —Icelandic-Faroese
    - Icelandic:þeirra
    - Faroese:teirra
    - Norwegian Nynorsk:deira
    - Old Swedish:þēra
      - Swedish:deras
    - Old Danish:theræ(s)
      - Danish:deres
    - → Middle English:þeir
      - English:their
      - Scots:thair
- Gothic:𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 m or n(þizē),𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 f(þizō)

Dative

*þammai(dative singular masculine/neuter)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þammē
  - Old English:þǣm,þām
  - Old Saxon:thēm
    - Low German:dem
  - Old Dutch:themo
    - Limburgish:dem
  - Old High German:dëmu
    - Middle High German:dëm,dëme
      - Alemannic German:em
      - Cimbrian:dèmme
      - German:dem
      - Luxembourgish:deem
      - Yiddish:דעם(dem)
- Old Norse:þeim
  - Icelandic:þeim
  - Faroese:teim
  - Old Swedish:þēm,þæm,þø̄m,þem
- Gothic:𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰(þamma)
*þaizōi(dative singular feminine)
- Proto-West Germanic:
  - Old English:þǣre
    - Middle English:þǣre
  - Old Saxon:theru
  - Old Dutch:thero
    - Dutch:der
  - Old High German:dëru
    - Middle High German:dër,dëre
      - Alemannic German:der
      - Cimbrian:dèar
      - German:der
      - Luxembourgish:där
      - Yiddish:דער(der)
- Old Norse:þeiri,þeirri
  - Icelandic:þeirri
  - Faroese:teirri
  - Old Swedish:þēre,þērre
- Gothic:𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃(þizōs)
*þaimaz(dative plural)
- Proto-West Germanic:*þaim
  - Old English:þǣm,þām
  - Old Saxon:them
  - Old High German:dêm
    - Middle High German:dën
      - German:den
- Old Norse:þeim
  - Icelandic:þeim
  - Faroese:teimum
  - Norwegian Nynorsk:deim
  - Old Swedish:þem,them
    - Swedish:dem
  - Old Danish:þæm,thæm
    - Danish:dem
    - Norwegian Bokmål:dem
  - → Middle English:þem
    - English:them,thame
    - Scots:thaim,them
- Gothic:𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼(þaim)

Instrumental

*þanō(instrumental singular masculine/neuter)
- Old English:þon
  - Middle English:þon,þan
    - English:than(obsolete)
*þaizō(instrumental singular feminine)
- Old English:þǣre
*þaimiz(instrumental plural)
- Old English:þǣm,þām