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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-aną

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

ThisProto-Germanic entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Etymology

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FromProto-Indo-European*-onom, from*-o-(thematic vowel) +*-nom(verbal noun suffix) (compareLatin-num andSanskrit-नम्(-nam)). The few remaining athematic verbs (which were irregular in Proto-Germanic) accordingly used only*-ną. Cognate withSanskrit-अन(-ana).

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

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*-aną

The infinitive suffix of strong verbs and preterite-present verbs

Usage notes

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This suffix was not productive in Proto-Germanic.

Inflection

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Strong verbs consist of four principal parts: the present stem (1), the past singular stem (2), the general past stem (3) and the past participle (4). The seven classes of strong verb differ only in how their principal parts are formed.

Conjugation of*1-aną (strong)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*1-ō	*1-aų	—	*1-ai	?
2nd singular	*1-izi	*1-aiz	*1-	*1-azai	*1-aizau
3rd singular	*1-idi	*1-ai	*1-adau	*1-adai	*1-aidau
1st dual	*1-ōz	*1-aiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*1-adiz	*1-aidiz	*1-adiz	—	—
1st plural	*1-amaz	*1-aim	—	*1-andai	*1-aindau
2nd plural	*1-id	*1-aid	*1-id	*1-andai	*1-aindau
3rd plural	*1-andi	*1-ain	*1-andau	*1-andai	*1-aindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*2-	*3-į̄
2nd singular	*2-t	*3-īz
3rd singular	*2-	*3-ī
1st dual	*3-ū	*3-īw
2nd dual	*3-udiz	*3-īdiz
1st plural	*3-um	*3-īm
2nd plural	*3-ud	*3-īd
3rd plural	*3-un	*3-īn

	present	past
participles	*1-andz	*4-anaz

Preterite-present verbs consist of three principal parts: the present singular stem (2), the general present stem (3), and the past stem (3a).

Conjugation of*3-aną (preterite-present)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*2-	*3-į̄	—	—	—
2nd singular	*2-t	*3-īz	—	—	—
3rd singular	*2-	*3-ī	—	—	—
1st dual	*3-ū	*3-īw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*3-udiz	*3-īdiz	—	—	—
1st plural	*3-um	*3-īm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*3-ud	*3-īd	—	—	—
3rd plural	*3-un	*3-īn	—	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*3a-ǭ	*3a-ēdį̄
2nd singular	*3a-ēz	*3a-ēdīz
3rd singular	*3a-ē	*3a-ēdī
1st dual	*3a-ēdū	*3a-ēdīw
2nd dual	*3a-ēdudiz	*3a-ēdīdiz
1st plural	*3a-ēdum	*3a-ēdīm
2nd plural	*3a-ēdud	*3a-ēdīd
3rd plural	*3a-ēdun	*3a-ēdīn

	present	past
participles	*3-andz	*3a-az

Proto-West Germanic:*-an
- Old English:-an(merged with Proto-West Germanic*-jan)
  - Middle English:-en
    - English:-en(obsolete)
    - → Middle Scots:-en,-in(literary, under Chaucerian influence)
- Old Frisian:-a
  - North Frisian:-e
  - Saterland Frisian:-e
  - West Frisian:-e
- Old Saxon:-an
  - Middle Low German:-en
    - Low German:-en
- Old Dutch:-an
  - Middle Dutch:-en(merged with all other verbs)
    - Dutch:-en
- Old High German:-an
  - Middle High German:-en
    - German:-en(merged with all other verbs)
Old Norse:-a
- Icelandic:-a
- Faroese:-a
- Norwegian Nynorsk:-a
- Swedish:-a
- Danish:-e
  - Norwegian Bokmål:-e
Gothic:-𐌰𐌽(-an)