Especially in the southern West Midlands and the Southwest of England, Old English/y/ often became Middle English/u/ in the vicinity of a following/r/, labial consonant, or postalveolar consonant. Southern influence has resulted in such forms being reasonably common in the modern standard, where this/u/ is regularly reflected as/ʌ/,/ʊ/, or before (historic) preconsonantal/ɹ/,/ɜ(ː)/.

• English terms by phonemic property

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