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Appendix:Talysh Swadesh list

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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is aSwadesh list of words inTalysh, compared with definitions inEnglish.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article:Swadesh list.

American linguistMorris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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№	English	Talysh Tolışə zıvon ^{edit (207)}
1	I (1sg)	az,mı
2	you (2sg)	tı
3	he,she,it (3sg)	əv,ım
4	we (1pl)	əmə
5	you (2pl)	şımə
6	they (3pl)	əvon,ımon
7	this	bı,ım
8	that	ə
9	here	iyo,ico,ığın,ımvrə,çıyo
10	there	əvrə,əvrədə,əğın,əyo,çəvrədə,çəyo,çəton
11	who	ki
12	what	çi,çiç
13	where	kıve,kovrə,kovrədə,konco,komvrə
14	when	kəynə,kenə (Lerik)
15	how	çokonəy,çoknəy,çoknə,çoko,çıko
16	not	ni,-ni
17	all	[Term?]
18	many	[Term?]
19	some	[Term?]
20	few	[Term?]
21	other	[Term?]
22	one	[Term?]
23	two	[Term?]
24	three	[Term?]
25	four	[Term?]
26	five	[Term?]
27	big	[Term?]
28	long	[Term?]
29	wide	[Term?]
30	thick	[Term?]
31	heavy	[Term?]
32	small	[Term?]
33	short	[Term?]
34	narrow	[Term?]
35	thin	[Term?]
36	woman	[Term?]
37	man (adult male)	[Term?]
38	man (human being)	[Term?]
39	child	[Term?]
40	wife	[Term?]
41	husband	[Term?]
42	mother	[Term?]
43	father	[Term?]
44	animal	[Term?]
45	fish	[Term?]
46	bird	[Term?]
47	dog	[Term?]
48	louse	[Term?]
49	snake	[Term?]
50	worm	[Term?]
51	tree	[Term?]
52	forest	[Term?]
53	stick	[Term?]
54	fruit	[Term?]
55	seed	[Term?]
56	leaf	[Term?]
57	root	[Term?]
58	bark (of a tree)	[Term?]
59	flower	[Term?]
60	grass	[Term?]
61	rope	[Term?]
62	skin	[Term?]
63	meat	[Term?]
64	blood	[Term?]
65	bone	[Term?]
66	fat (noun)	[Term?]
67	egg	[Term?]
68	horn	[Term?]
69	tail	[Term?]
70	feather	[Term?]
71	hair	[Term?]
72	head	[Term?]
73	ear	[Term?]
74	eye	[Term?]
75	nose	[Term?]
76	mouth	[Term?]
77	tooth	[Term?]
78	tongue (organ)	[Term?]
79	fingernail	[Term?]
80	foot	[Term?]
81	leg	[Term?]
82	knee	[Term?]
83	hand	[Term?]
84	wing	[Term?]
85	belly	[Term?]
86	guts	[Term?]
87	neck	[Term?]
88	back	[Term?]
89	breast	[Term?]
90	heart	[Term?]
91	liver	[Term?]
92	todrink	[Term?]
93	toeat	[Term?]
94	tobite	[Term?]
95	tosuck	[Term?]
96	tospit	[Term?]
97	tovomit	[Term?]
98	toblow	[Term?]
99	tobreathe	[Term?]
100	tolaugh	[Term?]
101	tosee	[Term?]
102	tohear	[Term?]
103	toknow	[Term?]
104	tothink	[Term?]
105	tosmell	[Term?]
106	tofear	[Term?]
107	tosleep	[Term?]
108	tolive	[Term?]
109	todie	[Term?]
110	tokill	[Term?]
111	tofight	[Term?]
112	tohunt	[Term?]
113	tohit	[Term?]
114	tocut	[Term?]
115	tosplit	[Term?]
116	tostab	[Term?]
117	toscratch	[Term?]
118	todig	[Term?]
119	toswim	[Term?]
120	tofly	[Term?]
121	towalk	[Term?]
122	tocome	[Term?]
123	tolie (as in a bed)	[Term?]
124	tosit	[Term?]
125	tostand	[Term?]
126	toturn (intransitive)	[Term?]
127	tofall	[Term?]
128	togive	[Term?]
129	tohold	[Term?]
130	tosqueeze	[Term?]
131	torub	[Term?]
132	towash	[Term?]
133	towipe	[Term?]
134	topull	[Term?]
135	topush	[Term?]
136	tothrow	[Term?]
137	totie	[Term?]
138	tosew	[Term?]
139	tocount	[Term?]
140	tosay	[Term?]
141	tosing	[Term?]
142	toplay	[Term?]
143	tofloat	[Term?]
144	toflow	[Term?]
145	tofreeze	[Term?]
146	toswell	[Term?]
147	sun	[Term?]
148	moon	[Term?]
149	star	[Term?]
150	water	[Term?]
151	rain	[Term?]
152	river	[Term?]
153	lake	[Term?]
154	sea	[Term?]
155	salt	[Term?]
156	stone	[Term?]
157	sand	[Term?]
158	dust	[Term?]
159	earth	[Term?]
160	cloud	[Term?]
161	fog	[Term?]
162	sky	[Term?]
163	wind	[Term?]
164	snow	[Term?]
165	ice	[Term?]
166	smoke	[Term?]
167	fire	[Term?]
168	ash	[Term?]
169	toburn	[Term?]
170	road	[Term?]
171	mountain	[Term?]
172	red	[Term?]
173	green	[Term?]
174	yellow	[Term?]
175	white	[Term?]
176	black	[Term?]
177	night	[Term?]
178	day	[Term?]
179	year	[Term?]
180	warm	[Term?]
181	cold	[Term?]
182	full	[Term?]
183	new	[Term?]
184	old	[Term?]
185	good	[Term?]
186	bad	[Term?]
187	rotten	[Term?]
188	dirty	[Term?]
189	straight	[Term?]
190	round	[Term?]
191	sharp (as a knife)	[Term?]
192	dull (as a knife)	[Term?]
193	smooth	[Term?]
194	wet	[Term?]
195	dry	[Term?]
196	correct	[Term?]
197	near	[Term?]
198	far	[Term?]
199	right	[Term?]
200	left	[Term?]
201	at	[Term?]
202	in	[Term?]
203	with	[Term?]
204	and	[Term?]
205	if	[Term?]
206	because	[Term?]
207	name	[Term?]

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Ashkun Akkadian Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Chadian Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Tuareg Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Buginese Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Celtiberian Central Bikol Chambeali Chamorro Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Even Evenki Faliscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian West Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Galatian Gelao Georgian Old Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Classical Gaelic Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Jaunsari Javanese Jeju Jizhao Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Katë Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Korean Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Ladino Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lepontic Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Manchu Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuanese Nanjing Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Northern Mansi Nihali Nuristani Kalasha Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Norse Old Prussian Old Tupi Oscan Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Old Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Talysh Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Tiwi Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tregami Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Udi Caucasian Albanian Ukrainian Umbrian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Shanghainese Suzhounese Wutun Yiddish Yola Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Germanic West North Hellenic Hmong-Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Sabellic Japonic Kartvelian Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tocharian Tyrsenian Slavic East West South Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Dené-Yeniseian Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian Proto-Yeniseian
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