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Appendix:Russian nouns

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Russian noun declension

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Conventionally, Russian nouns have six cases:nominative case,genitive case,dative case,accusative case,instrumental case, andprepositional case. However, some nouns retain vestiges of Old Russianvocative case, and some have acquired apartitive-genitive case separate from the genitive and/or alocative case separate from the prepositional.

Nominative case

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Thenominative case is thesubject case, and this is considered the basic form of a word:

We read books.Мы чита́ем кни́ги.My čitájem knígi.
Maria likes Ivan.Мари́я лю́бит Ива́на.Maríja ljúbit Ivána.
People speak (in) different languages.Лю́ди говоря́т на ра́зных языка́х.Ljúdi govorját na ráznyx jazykáx.

Genitive case

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Thegenitive case is similar to the Englishpossessive case, and it often corresponds to Englishof or the possessive ending’s:

A boxof popcornКоро́бкапопко́рнаKoróbkapopkórna
A glassof waterСтака́нводы́Stakánvodý
Amother’s childРебёнокма́териRebjónokmáteri

Dative case

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Thedative case is similar to the Englishindirect object, and it often corresponds to the wordsto ortowards:

Give the appleto me.Отда́й я́блокомне.Otdáj jáblokomne.
I am goingto the teacher.Я иду́к учи́телю.Ja idúk učítelju
Helen is walkingtowards the station.Еле́на идётк вокза́лу.Jeléna idjótk vokzálu.
John gives flowersto Anne.Ива́н даёт цветы́А́нне.Iván dajót cvetýÁnne.

Accusative case

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Theaccusative case is like the Englishdirect object, although in some cases describes motion:

I seethe book.Я ви́жукни́гу.Ja vížuknígu.
We must buydinner.Нам на́до купи́тьу́жин.Nam nádo kupítʹúžin.
Let’s go intothe theatre.Пойдём втеа́тр.Pojdjóm vteátr.

Instrumental case

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Theinstrumental case indicates the agent or the instrument of an action, and it often corresponds to Englishwith orby:

He iswith me.Онсо мно́й.Onso mnój.
I hit my thumbwith the hammer.Я уши́б себе́ па́лецмолотко́м.Ja ušíb sebé pálecmolotkóm.
They writewith pens.Они́ пи́шутру́чками.Oní píšutrúčkami.
He sent a letterby post.Он посла́л письмо́по́чтой.On poslál pisʹmópóčtoj.

Prepositional case

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Theprepositional case always takes a preposition, and it often indicates location:

The book ison the table.Кни́га лежи́тна столе́.Kníga ležítna stolé.
I amin the cinema.Яв кинотеа́тре.Jav kinoteátre.
I like to readabout people.Мне нра́вится чита́тьо лю́дях.Mne nrávitsja čitátʹo ljúdjax.

Partitive-genitive case

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Thepartitive-genitive case, when different from the genitive, means part of something, some of something:

A cupof tea (some tea)Ча́шкача́юČáškačáju
A pieceof bread (some bread)Кусо́кхле́баKusókxléba

Locative case

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Thelocative case, when it differs from the prepositional case, indicates location:

A tree is growingon the bank of the river.Де́рево растётна берегу́ реки́.Dérevo rastjótna beregú rekí.

Vocative case

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Thevocative case survives in only a few words of a religious nature, and this case marks the person being addressed. In some old writing and in some poetry, this is sometimes indicated with the word "O" or "Oh" in English:

(Oh) MyGod!Бо́же мой!Bóže moj!
God forbid!Сохрани́бо́же!Soxraníbóže!
O Lord Jesus!Го́споди Иису́се!Góspodi Iisúse!

In addition, there is a new colloquial vocative case used with some names or family members ending in -а or -я, a so-called "new vocative". It's formed by dropping the final -а or -я, -я is changed to -ь, for example:

Sasha!Са́шаСаш!Saš!
Masha!Ма́шаМаш!Maš!
Katya!Ка́тяКать!Katʹ!
Vanya!Ва́няВань!Vanʹ!
mum!ма́мамам!mam!
dad!па́папап!pap!

This is not considered very standard. These forms are normally not included in dictionaries and formally the nominative case is used for this purpose.

Declension paradigms

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Russian nouns are frequently irregular in declension, and specific declensions may be found in most articles. Listed here are what we consider to be standard regular declensions:

First declension

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Nouns that end in a hard consonant or the vowels or are hard and follow these hard patterns:

1. Hard feminine case endings:

singularplural
nominativeгазе́та
gazéta
газе́ты
gazéty
genitiveгазе́ты
gazéty
газе́т
gazét
dativeгазе́те
gazéte
газе́там
gazétam
accusativeгазе́ту
gazétu
газе́ты
gazéty
instrumentalгазе́той,газе́тою
gazétoj,gazétoju
газе́тами
gazétami
prepositionalгазе́те
gazéte
газе́тах
gazétax

N.B.—Nouns that end (after dropping the final vowel in the case of feminines or neuters) in the consonants,,,,,, or are also hard, but they take soft instead of in the applicable cases:

2. Hard feminine case endings with:

singularplural
nominativeкни́га
kníga
кни́ги
knígi
genitiveкни́ги
knígi
кни́г
kníg
dativeкни́ге
kníge
кни́гам
knígam
accusativeкни́гу
knígu
кни́ги
knígi
instrumentalкни́гой,кни́гою
knígoj,knígoju
кни́гами
knígami
prepositionalкни́ге
kníge
кни́гах
knígax

Feminine nouns in follow these soft patterns:

3. Soft feminine case endings:

singularplural
nominativeня́ня
njánja
ня́ни
njáni
genitiveня́ни
njáni
ня́нь
njánʹ
dativeня́не
njáne
ня́ням
njánjam
accusativeня́ню
njánju
ня́нь
njánʹ
instrumentalня́ней,ня́нею
njánej,njáneju
ня́нями
njánjami
prepositionalня́не
njáne
ня́нях
njánjax

Second declension

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1. Hard masculine case endings:

singularplural
nominativeви́д
víd
ви́ды
vídy
genitiveви́да
vída
ви́дов
vídov
dativeви́ду
vídu
ви́дам
vídam
accusativeви́д
víd
ви́ды
vídy
instrumentalви́дом
vídom
ви́дами
vídami
prepositionalви́де
víde
ви́дах
vídax
partitiveви́ду
vídu
locativeвиду́
vidú

2. Hard neuter case endings:

singularplural
nominativeблю́до
bljúdo
блю́да
bljúda
genitiveблю́да
bljúda
блю́д
bljúd
dativeблю́ду
bljúdu
блю́дам
bljúdam
accusativeблю́до
bljúdo
блю́да
bljúda
instrumentalблю́дом
bljúdom
блю́дами
bljúdami
prepositionalблю́де
bljúde
блю́дах
bljúdax

N.B.—Nouns that end (after dropping the final vowel in the case of feminines or neuters) in the consonants,,,,,, or are also hard, but they take soft instead of in the applicable cases:

3. Hard masculine case endings with:

singularplural
nominativeуро́к
urók
уро́ки
uróki
genitiveуро́ка
uróka
уро́ков
urókov
dativeуро́ку
uróku
уро́кам
urókam
accusativeуро́к
urók
уро́ки
uróki
instrumentalуро́ком
urókom
уро́ками
urókami
prepositionalуро́ке
uróke
уро́ках
urókax

Masculine nouns that end in or, neuter nouns in follow these soft patterns.

4. Soft masculine case endings:

singularplural
nominativeапре́ль
aprélʹ
апре́ли
apréli
genitiveапре́ля
aprélja
апре́лей
aprélej
dativeапре́лю
aprélju
апре́лям
apréljam
accusativeапре́ль
aprélʹ
апре́ли
apréli
instrumentalапре́лем
aprélem
апре́лями
apréljami
prepositionalапре́ле
apréle
апре́лях
apréljax

5. Soft neuter case endings:

singularplural
nominativeуче́ние
učénije
уче́ния
učénija
genitiveуче́ния
učénija
уче́ний
učénij
dativeуче́нию
učéniju
уче́ниям
učénijam
accusativeуче́ние
učénije
уче́ния
učénija
instrumentalуче́нием
učénijem
уче́ниями
učénijami
prepositionalуче́нии
učénii
уче́ниях
učénijax

Third declension

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Feminine nouns in belong to the third declension:

singularplural
nominativeбо́ль
bólʹ
бо́ли
bóli
genitiveбо́ли
bóli
бо́лей
bólej
dativeбо́ли
bóli
бо́лям
bóljam
accusativeбо́ль
bólʹ
бо́ли
bóli
instrumentalбо́лью
bólʹju
бо́лями
bóljami
prepositionalбо́ли
bóli
бо́лях
bóljax

Declension tables

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The following codes are used in declension tables, in the following order:

  1. animacy:anim = animate,inan = inanimate,bian = bianimate (can be both animate and inanimate)
    • this affects the accusative plural and masculine accusative singular, which are the same as the nominative in inanimates and the genitive in animates
  2. number restriction:pl-only = plural only (plurale tantum),sg-only = singular only (singulare tantum)
  3. typical gender:masc-type = typically masculine,fem-type = typically feminine,neut-type = typically neuter
    • this refers to the form of the noun, not the actual gender, which in some cases is different
  4. stem class or declension:
    1. stem values:hard-stem = ends in a paired hard consonant,soft-stem = ends in a paired soft consonant,velar-stem = ends in к/г/х,sibilant-stem = ends in ш/щ/ч/ж,ц-stem = ends in ц,vowel-stem = ends in a vowel other than и or ends in a palatal (й or ь + vowel),i-stem = ends in и
      • this affects the form that various endings take
    2. other values:3rd-decl = 3rd-declension noun (feminine in -ь or neuter in -мя),invar = invariable,short poss = short possessive adjectival,mixed poss = mixed possessive adjectival,proper poss = proper-noun possessive adjectival
      • all the adjectival variants here have short (noun-like) endings in some of their cases, and the stem generally ends in -ов/ев/ёв or -ин
  5. accent specifies the stress pattern:a,b,b',c,d,d',e,f,f',f''
  6. adj = adjectival (has the endings of an adjective rather than a typical noun)
  7. reduc = reducible,[reduc] = optionally reducible
    • this means that an extra vowel appears before the final stem consonant in the nominative singular and/or genitive plural (specifically, in all endings lacking a vowel)
  8. irreg = irregular
    • most commonly, this refers to an unexpected nominative plural or genitive plural ending, or a special plural stem

See also

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