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Appendix:Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian reconstructions

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Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian (i.e., Proto-Northeast Caucasian) reconstructions by Nichols (2003):[1]

Note: The numerals in the "grammatical category" column refer to the 5 gender classes in Proto-Nakh-Dagestanian. The reconstructions below are also marked by pound signs rather than asterisks to indicate that they are tentative pseudo-reconstructions.

Nichols (2003)

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Symbols

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Symbols:

Cconsonant
Vvowel
Dgender affix
=gender affix boundary
+compound boundary

List

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No.English glossProto-Nakh-DagestanianGrammatical category
1fire#c’ar(i), #c’ad(i)4 or 5
2leave#=VtVerb
3tooth#cVl-5 ?
4one#cV (#cʕV ?)Num
5take, hold#(l)-aRc / #D=V(R)cVerb
7ram#ko-(m), #ko-(i)3
8hand, arm#kV, #kol-4
9pear#qur / #qar; #qʕur ?3
10barley#(m)uq, #(m)aq-3
13bile, gall#sttim3
14bull#stu; #(M=)stu, #(B=)stu3
15measure#D=ustVerb
16what#sti-Pronoun
19fill#=Vc’ (#=uc’, #=ac’)Verb
20black#alč’i- (#ʕalč’i-)Adjective
21thin#(C)=uƛ’Vl-Adjective
22die, kill#D=Vƛ’Verb
23heart#rVk’u / #Vrk’u4
24axe#(r)=ik’(ʕ-u)4
26earth#(l)ončči4
27we, us#(n)Vƛƛo / #(n)Vƛƛw-Pronoun
28five#(W)=ƛƛi / #ƛƛwiNumeral
31name#cc’Vr, #cc’Vri4 or 5
32right#haRčč’iAdjective
34winter#ƛƛ’Vn-i?
35meat#(CV)=(lV)ƛƛ’4
36yoke#...ƛ / #...ƛƛ’4
37wild boar; pig#...ƛ / #...ƛƛ’3
38ashes#rV=uqq’ / #rV=uƛƛ’?
39back#D=uqq’3
40road#D=eqq’ / #D=aqq’3
42dry#D=aqq’(u) / #D=uqq’Adjective
43sun#bVrVg3
44moon#baʒVr / #buʒVr3
45tongue#maʒ-i3
46nettle#miǯ3 or 4
48round#goRg / #gog-R-Adjective
50frost, hoarfrost#(V)sVr, #(V)sVlclass?
51year#...š... / #...s...4
52bear#sVʔin / #cVʔin / #čVʔin3
53wool (unspun)#(D=)Vɬa(-j)4
54water#ɬɬin4
55long, far#(CV=)RVxx-Adjective
56break, destroy#D=VxxVerb
57apple (etc.)#hʕam(V)c / #hʕam(V)č3
60weave#=ššVerb
62eye#(b)ul, #(b)al3
63burn#D=Vk’Verb
65know#(=D=)Vc’Verb

References

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  1. ^Nichols, Johanna (2003), “The Nakh-Daghestanian consonant correspondences”, in Dee Ann Holisky, Kevin Tuite, editors,Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson, Amsterdam: John Benjamins,→DOI
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