| Proto-Dravidian | Glosses and notes | cf. |
|---|
| *akam | ‘inside’ | |
| → *aka-ppaṭu | ‘to be included’ | |
| *akaẓ-tt-ay | ‘moat’ | |
| *akka- | ‘elder sister’ | |
| *añc- | ‘to fear’ | |
| → *añc-al, añc-c(-am) | n. ‘fear’ SD I, Te. | |
| *aṭ-a-nk- | ‘be compressed, hidden’ | |
| → *aṭ-a-nkk- | v.t. ‘to control, hide’ PSD | |
| *aṭ-a-ppay | ‘betel pouch’ | |
| *aṭ-ay-kkāy | ‘areca nut’ SD I | |
| *aṭ-V | ‘foot, bottom, base’ SD I | |
| → *aṭ-Vk- | ‘foot, bottom, base’ SD II, CD | |
| *aṭṭu | ‘pancake’ | |
| *aṇ-ṭṭ- | ‘to adhere, stick’ | |
| *aṇṇa- | ‘elder brother’ | |
| *aṯ-V- | ‘to know’ | |
| *aṯṯ-/*āṯṯ- | ‘that place, manner’ | |
| *a-tu | 3neu sg SD I | |
| *atta- | ‘maternal/paternal aunt’ | |
| *a-n(V)k- ~ *ā-n(V)k/-t- ~ *-tt- | ‘that place/time/much/many/manner’ | |
| *a-nV | ‘there, then’ | |
| *a-nṯu | ‘that day, then’ SD I | |
| *appa- | ‘father’ | |
| *app-am | ‘rice cake’ | |
| *ap-pōẓ | ‘that time, then’ | |
| *amp-ali | ‘porridge’ SD II | |
| *ampu | ‘arrow’ | |
| *amp-i | ‘boat’ | |
| *a-mpV | ‘there’ PSD | |
| *amm-a | ‘mother’ | |
| *ayy-a | ‘father’ | |
| *ar-ac/-aḷ | ‘pipal tree’ | |
| *ar-i | ‘a kind of tax’ | |
| *ar-Vṇṭṭi | ‘banana, plantain’ SD II | |
| *al- | ‘to be not’ SD I | |
| *al-a-nk- | ‘to shake’ | |
| *a-l(l)V | ‘that place’ | |
| *aw-anṯu | ‘he, that man’ 3m sg (nom) | |
| → *awan- | ‘he, that man’ obl. | |
| *aw-aḷ | 3f sg SD I | |
| *aww-a | ‘mother, grandmother’ | |
| *aḷ-amp- | ‘mushroom’ | |
| *aḷ-V-kk- | ‘to sacrifice’ | |
| *aẓ-i- | ‘to perish’ | |
| → *aẓ-i-ntt- | past transitive | |
| → *aẓ-i-mpp | non-past transitive | |
| *aH-/*ā | ‘that’ (distal) | |
| → *a-tu | ‘she/it’ (hum f and non-hum) | |
| → *aw-anṯu | ‘he’ (hum m) | |
| → *aw-ay | ‘they’ (non-men/non-hum) | |
| → *aw-ar | ‘men/persons’ (hum) | |
| → *aw-aḷ | ‘she’ (hum f) | |
| *aHn- (> a(y)n- > e(y)n- > i (y)n-, ān-) | ‘to say’; quotative marker | |
| *ā- | ‘to be, become’ | |
| → *ā-k- | ‘to be’ | |
| → *ā-kk- | ‘to make’ | |
| → *ān-/*an- | ‘to be’ | |
| → *ā-p- | ‘to become’ | |
| → *ā-pp- | ‘to make’ | |
| *āṭ-u | ‘to play, dance’; n. āṭṭ-u (< *āṭ + t-) | |
| *āṯ- | ‘to become cool, to dry up’ | |
| *āṯ(ṯ)- | 1pl incl nom | |
| *ānt-ay | ‘owl’ SD I | |
| *ā(m/n)- | ‘cow’ | |
| *āy | ‘mother’ | |
| *ār-āy | ‘to investigate’ | |
| → *ār-āy-cci | ‘research’ PSD I | |
| *ār/*ar-ak- | ‘millet’ | |
| *āl | ‘banyan tree’ | |
| *āḷ | ‘man/woman’ | |
| *iṭ-u- (iṭ-ṭ-) | ‘to put, place’ | |
| *iṯ-ay-cci | ‘meat’ | |
| *in- | adj./n. ‘sweet’ | |
| *i-nṯu | ‘today, now’ | |
| *ir- | ‘to be’ (copular verb) SD I | |
| → *ir-u-wu | ‘a place to be’ SD II | |
| *ir-u-ppay | ‘mahua tree’,Bassia longifolia | |
| *ir-Vl/*w | ‘liver’ SD I | |
| *il | ‘house’ | |
| *iẓi- | ‘to descend’ | |
| → *iẓi-nt- | past intransitive | |
| → *iẓi-ntt- | past transitive | |
| → *iẓi-(m)p- | non-past intransitive | |
| → *iẓi-(m)pp- | non-past transitive | |
| *iH-/*ī | ‘this’ (proximal) | |
| → *ītu | ‘this thing/woman’ | |
| → *iw-anṯu | ‘this man’ | |
| → *iw-ay | ‘these things/women’ | |
| → *iw-ar | ‘these men/persons’ | |
| → *iw-aḷ | ‘this woman’ | |
| *ī | ‘fly’ | |
| *īr/*ir-V | ‘two’ | |
| → *ir-aṇ-ṭu | ‘two’ (3n-m pl) | |
| → *iru-war | ‘two persons’ | |
| *īẓam | ‘toddy’ | |
| → *īẓa-wanṯ- | ‘toddy-tapper’ SD I | |
| *ukir | ‘finger nail, toe-nail’ SD I | |
| → *gōr/*kōr | ‘finger nail, toe-nail’ SD II, CD, Br. | |
| → *or-kk- | ‘finger nail, toe-nail’ Kur–Malt | |
| *uc-V- | ‘to breathe’ | |
| → *uc-Vr | ‘to breathe’ | |
| *uṭ-ump- | ‘iguana’ | |
| *uṇ- | ‘to drink’ | |
| *uram-kkal | ‘grinding stone, pestle’ | |
| *ur-ay | ‘to rub’ | |
| *ula-kk-V | ‘pestle’ | |
| *uḷ- | ‘to be, to have’ | |
| → *uṇṭ-u (< *uḷ-nt-) | ‘is, are’ | |
| *uḷḷ-am | ‘mind, the inside one’ | see uḷu |
| *uḷḷi | ‘onion’ | |
| *uẓ-untu | ‘black gram’ | |
| *uẓ-u-pp- | ‘stag, deer’ | |
| *uẓ-uw- | ‘tiger’ SD II | |
| *uẓ-V- | ‘to plough’ | |
| → *uẓ-a-tti | ‘farming’ | |
| *uHṇ-/*ūṇ- (past uṇ-ṭ-, uṇ-ṭṭ-) | ‘to eat, drink’ | |
| → *ūṭṭ- (< *uHṇ-tt-) | ‘to give to eat or drink’ | |
| *uH/*ū | ‘yonder’ | |
| *ū/*uy | ‘meat’ | |
| *ūr | ‘habitation, village, town’ | |
| *eṇ | ‘to count’ | |
| *eṇ | adj. ‘eight’ | |
| → *eṇ-ṭṭu | ‘eight’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *eṯ-ay-anṯu | ‘chief, king’ | |
| *eṯ-V- | ‘red’ PSD II | |
| *eṯ-V-y | ‘prawn’ | |
| *enk- | ‘to remain, be left over’ | |
| → *enk-al | ‘left over food’ (palatalization in SD I + Konda as eñc-) | |
| *en-ṯ- | ‘sun’ | |
| *er-utu | ‘ox’ | |
| *er-umV- | ‘buffalo’ | |
| *el-ay | ‘leaf’ PSD | |
| *el-i | ‘rat’ | |
| *el, en-ṯu | ‘sunshine, sun’ | |
| *el-V-mp/-nk | ‘bone’ | |
| *elli | ‘tomorrow’ (Tu., Te.?, Br.) | |
| *ell-V | ‘all’ | |
| *eḷ-V- | ‘young, tender’ | |
| *eḷ-V-ñc- | ‘black bear’ | |
| *eẓ-V | adj. ‘seven’ | |
| → *ēẓ | ‘seven’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *ēk-/*eHk- | ‘to gin cotton’ | |
| *ēṯu | ‘ox, bull’ | |
| *ēl | ‘mind, reason, knowledge’ | |
| *ēl-V- | ‘cardamom’ | |
| *ēẓ/*eẓ-V- | ‘to spin’ | |
| *o- | ‘to be suitable’ | |
| → o-kk-, o-pp-, o-mp-, o-ww- | incorporated tense-transitivity suffixes | |
| → *okku- | ‘to be together’ | |
| → *okk-al | ‘relatives’ | |
| *ok-Vr, kō-r | ‘finger/toe nail’ | |
| *okk- | ‘one’ CD, Tel. | |
| *oṭ-ay | ‘to break’ PSD | |
| *oṭ-al | ‘body’ PSD | |
| *oṭ-unku | ‘to be restrained’ | |
| *oṭ-Vkk- | ‘chameleon’ | |
| *oṯ-a-nku | ‘to sleep’ PSD | |
| *on-ṯu | ‘one’ | |
| *on-patV | ‘ten minus one’ | |
| *oy- | ‘to carry’ | |
| *oḷ-an | ‘house’ Pre-Gondi | see uḷ- ‘to be’ |
| *oẓ-ukk- | ‘to spin’ | |
| *ōṭu | v.i. ‘to flee’ | |
| → *ōṭṭ-am | ‘defeat’ | |
| *ōtu | ‘to recite, read’ | |
| *ōntti | ‘bloodsucker lizard’ | |
| *ōr-/*or-V- | adj. ‘one’ | |
| *kac (> kay) | ‘to be bitter’; n. ‘bitterness’ | |
| *kañci | ‘gruel’ | |
| *kaṭ-/*kaṭṭ- | ‘to tie, bind’ | |
| *kaṭṭ-ay | n. ‘a dam’ | |
| *kaṭ-ac- | ‘male of cattle, heifer’ | |
| *kaṭ-ampu | Anthocephalus cadamba | |
| *kaṭ-ay | ‘end, place’ | |
| *kaṭ-al | ‘sea, ocean’ | |
| *kaṭ-V- | ‘be bitter, pungent’ | |
| *kaṭ-V- | ‘wild buffalo’ | |
| *kaṭ-V-ñcc/-ntt | ‘stag’ | |
| *kaṇ | ‘eye’ | |
| → *kaṇ-ṇīr | ‘tear’ | |
| *kaṇṭ-anṯu | ‘husband, warrior’ SD I | |
| *katti | ‘knife’ | |
| *kan-acV | ‘dream, to dream’ | |
| *kap- ~ *kapp-/*kaw-V | ‘to cover’ | |
| *kapp-a | ‘frog’ | |
| *kapp-am | ‘a kind of tax, tribute’ | |
| *kapp-al | ‘ship, boat’ | |
| *kap-Vḷ | ‘cheek’ | |
| *kam-kuẓi | ‘armpit’ | |
| *kay | ‘hand, arm’ | |
| *kay-tay | ‘fragrant screw-pine’ | |
| *kay-tVkk- | ‘fragrant screw-pine’ | |
| *kay-m- (> key-m-) | ‘field’ | |
| *kay-V-l/-kk-/-mpp- | ‘fish of different kinds’ | |
| *kar-umpu | ‘sugar-cane’ SD I | |
| *kar-Vḷ | ‘bowels’ | |
| *kar-Vnk | Pongamia glabra | |
| *kar-V-nt- | ‘to consider, intend’ | |
| → *kar-V-ntt | n. ‘will, mind’ SD I + Te. | |
| *kar-Vnti | ‘red gram’ | |
| *kal | ‘stone’ | |
| *kal-/*kaṯ- | ‘to learn’ | |
| *kala-kala | onom. of ‘rustle, tinkle, rattle’ | |
| *kal-a-nku | ‘to be stirred’ | |
| → *kal-a-nkku | ‘to stir’ PSD | |
| *kal-Vnk- | ‘covered drain, sluice’ SD | |
| *kal-ac- | ‘to quarrel’ | |
| *kal-am | ‘boat, ship’ | |
| *kaw-Vḷi | ‘a house lizard’ | |
| *kaḷ-am/-an | ‘an open place (threshing floor, battle ground)’ | |
| *kaẓ-ut-ay | ‘donkey’ | |
| *kaẓ-u-tt- | ‘neck/throat’ SD I | |
| → *kaẓ-nt(t)- | Tu., CD, SD II | |
| *kaḷ | ‘toddy’ | |
| *kaḷ-/*kaṇ- | ‘to steal’ | |
| *kaẓi (-nt-) | v.i. ‘time to pass, be spent’ | |
| → *(-nt-t-) | v.t. ‘to spend, waste, reject’ PSD | |
| *kaẓ-V-ku/-tu | ‘eagle’ | |
| *kaẓ-Vt | ‘paddy field’ | |
| *kā-kk-ay | ‘crow’ | |
| *kāṇ- (< *kaHṇ-) | ‘to see’ | |
| *kāṇ-ikk-ay | ‘gift’ | |
| *kāṯ- | ‘plough-share’ | |
| *kā(-tt-) | ‘to protect, guard’ | |
| *kā(-n), kā-ṭu | ‘forest’ | |
| *kā, kā-n-, kā-ṭV | n. ‘forest’ | |
| *kā-nk- | ‘big clay pot’ | |
| *kāy | ‘fruit, pod’ | |
| *kāy, kā-nku | v.i. ‘to be hot, dry up, burn’ | |
| → *kā-nkku | v.t. ‘to be hot, dry up, burn’ | |
| → *kā-ntu | v.i. ‘to be hot, dry up, burn’ | |
| → *kā-nttu | v.t. ‘to be hot, dry up, burn’ | |
| → *kā-mpu | v.i. ‘to be hot, dry up, burn’ | |
| → *kā-mppu | v.t. ‘to be hot, dry up, burn’ | |
| *kār/*kar-V | ‘dark, black, dark clouds’ | |
| *kāl | ‘canal’ | |
| *kāl | ‘leg, foot’ | |
| *kā-waṭi | ‘shoulder pole’ | |
| *kic-ampu > kiy-ampu > kī-mpu/*kē-mpu | ‘yam’,Arum colocasia [old synonym forColocasia esculenta,taro ] | see kē-mpu |
| *kic-Vkic-V | onom. ‘chirping, squeaking’ | |
| *kiṇṭ-V- | ‘metal pot’ | |
| *kiṯ-u-tt-/-mp- | ‘cheetah, panther’ | |
| *kiṯṯ-eli | ‘mouse’ | |
| *kin- | ‘to be angry’ PSD I | |
| *kir-V- | ‘ear’ (some languages of SD I and II) | |
| *kil- | ‘sound, noise’ PSD | |
| *kil- | ‘to be able’ SD I | |
| *kil-/*kiṯ- | ‘small’ | |
| *kil-a | ‘some’ | |
| *kiḷi | ‘parrot’ | |
| *kiẓ-ank- | ‘tuber, root’ SD I | see kīẓ/kiẓ-V |
| *kī-ṯ | ‘scratch’ | |
| *kīṯ-/*kiṯ-V | ‘small’ | |
| *kīw/*kiw-V- | ‘snow, ice’ | |
| *kīẓ/*kiẓ-V-kk | ‘below’; ‘low; area, east’ SD I | |
| *kucc-/*kuc-V- | ‘greens’ | |
| *kuṭ-al | ‘intestines’ SD I | |
| *kuṭ-V/*kuṇṭ-V | ‘eyeball’ | |
| *kuṇṭV | ‘heart, kidney’ | |
| *kuṯ-ay- (kuṯ-ay-nt-, kuṯ-ay-ntt-) | ‘to be reduced in size’ | |
| *kuṯ-V | ‘short’ PSD | |
| *kuṯ-V-nk-/-w | ‘thigh’ SD I | |
| *kut-i | ‘to jump’ | |
| → *kut-ir-ay | ‘horse’ SD I | |
| *kut-V- | ‘club’ | |
| *kunṯ-am/-u | ‘hill’ | |
| *kunṯ-i | ‘crab's eye, a plant’ | |
| *kun-tāl/-tāḷ | ‘pick-axe’ | |
| *ku-nt-/*ntt- ~ *ko-nt-/*ntt- | ‘throat, voice, tone’ SD I, SD II | |
| *kupp-V | ‘heap’ | |
| *kur-uṭu | ‘blindness’ | |
| *kur-V-c- | ‘deer’ | |
| *kur-Vwi | ‘small pot’ | |
| *kur-V-wi | ‘sparrow’ | |
| *kuḷ-am/-Vnc- | ‘lake’ | |
| *kuẓ-V | ‘pit, hollow’ | |
| *kūṭ-u | v.i. ‘to be joined, meet’ | |
| → *kūṭṭ- (< *kūṭ-tt) | v.t. ‘to unite, put together’ | |
| → *kūṭṭ-am | n. ‘union’ | |
| → *kūṭ-al | ‘joining’ | |
| → *kūṭṭ-al | ‘uniting’ PSD | |
| *kūṭ-u | ‘nest’ | |
| *kūnt(t)- | ‘mushroom’ | |
| *kūn-ttu/-ccu/-kku | ‘daughter’ | |
| *kūm-/*kum-V- | ‘pigeon, dove’ | |
| *kū-r- | ‘to sleep’ | |
| *kūl-i | ‘paddy’ | |
| *kūẓ | ‘porridge’ | |
| *kec-aṯ- | ‘mud, slush’ | |
| *keṭ-u | ‘to perish, decay’ | |
| → *kēṭu | n. ‘damage’ (< *keHṭu) | |
| → *keṭ-al | ‘evil’ | |
| → *keṭu-ti | n. ‘ruin’ | |
| → *keṭ-ṭa | ‘evil’ | |
| *keṯ-ay/-uwu | ‘tank’ | |
| *keṯ-V- | ‘wing, feather’ PSD | |
| *kep- | ‘to tell, scold’ | |
| → *kew-i | ‘ear’ | |
| → *kew-iṭu | ‘deafness’ | |
| *kem | ‘red’ | |
| *kem-pu | ‘copper vessel’ | see kem |
| *key- | ‘to do’ | |
| *key-(a)m | ‘wet field’ | |
| *key-pi- | ‘to cause one to do’ | see keyker-uppu ‘sandal’ |
| *kew-i | ‘ear’ | see kepke |
| *keḷ-ay | ‘to dig up’ | |
| *kēṯ- | ‘to winnow’ | |
| → *kēṯ-ṯV | n. ‘winnowing basket’ | |
| *kē-mpu (< *key-ampu < *kic-ampu) | ‘yam’ PSD | see kic-ampu |
| *kēḷ-/*kēṇ- | ‘to hear, ask’ | |
| *koc-V- | ‘pot-making’ | |
| *koṭ-ay | ‘umbrella’ | |
| *koṭ-Vkku | ‘west’ | |
| *koṭṭ- ~ *koṭ- | ‘to beat’ | |
| *koṭṭay | ‘stone of fruit’ | |
| *koṯ-a | ‘to become short’ | |
| *koṯ-aṇṭ-/-añc- | ‘henna’Barleria sp. | |
| *koṯ-ay | ‘to pierce’ PSD | |
| *koṯ-i | ‘sheep’ | |
| *koṯ-u | ‘chicken’ SD II | |
| *koṯ-V | ‘a kind of millet’ | |
| *koy- | ‘to cut, harvest crop’ | |
| *kor-Vnk-/-nkk- | ‘a stork, crane’ | |
| *kor-V-nkk-/-ntt- | ‘monkey’ | |
| *kol | ‘smithy’ | |
| *kol- | ‘to kill’ | |
| *koḷ-/*koṇ- | ‘to receive, buy’; reflexive marker | |
| *koẓ-utt-V | ‘new’ | |
| *kō/*kō-n-ṯu | ‘king, mountain’ | |
| *kōṭ-u | ‘horn’ | |
| → *kōṯ- | ‘horn’ SD II | |
| *kōṭṭ-ay | ‘fort’ | |
| *kōṭ-ay | ‘west wind, monsoon’ PSD I | |
| *kōn-yāṯu | ‘temple tank, open well’ | see kō- |
| *kōy-il | ‘palace, temple’ (King’s/God’s abode) PSD | |
| *kōl | ‘stick, plough-shaft’ | |
| *kōẓ/*koẓ-V | ‘new, young, tender’ | |
| *kōẓ-/*koẓ-V | ‘son, young one’ | |
| *kōẓi | ‘chicken’ | |
| *caṭa-ppī | ‘cowdung’ (lit. bullock’s excrement) | |
| *caṭVcaṭV | ‘cracking sound’ | |
| *caṭṭi | ‘small pot’ | |
| *caṯ-V | adj. ‘six’ | |
| → *cāṯ-u | ‘six’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *cat-V- | ‘to read’ Pre-Te. | |
| *cam-V- | ‘to be made, to form’ | |
| *cay-m- | adj. ‘five’ | |
| → *cay-m-tu | ‘five’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *car-ac- | ‘snake’ PSD | |
| *cal-/*can- (can-ṯ- < *cal-nt- PSD I, can-ṯṯ- PSD II) | ‘to go, pass, occur’ | |
| *caḷ-/*caṇ- | ‘cool, cold’ | |
| *caḷ-V- | ‘buttermilk’ | |
| *caH- ~ *ceH- (past ca-tt-/*ce-tt-) | ‘to die’ | |
| → *caH-/*cā- | ‘to die’ PSD | |
| → *cay-/*cāy- | ‘to die’ PCD | |
| → *keH-/*key- | ‘to die’ PND | |
| *cār-/*cēr- | ‘to go reach’ | |
| *cāl | ‘ploughed furrow’ | |
| *cāḷ-iy-anṯu | ‘nephew/son-in-law’ | |
| *cāl-Vy-anṯu | ‘weaver’ | |
| *cinki, cinki-wēr | ‘ginger’ | |
| *cin-tta | ‘tamarind’ | |
| *ciy-/*cī- | ‘to give’ | |
| *cir- | ‘black’ | |
| → *cir-a-, cir-V-ḷ/-nk- | ‘darkness’ | |
| → *cir-umpu | ‘black metal/iron’ | |
| *cir | ‘day’ CD | |
| *cir-V-tt- | ‘the low area, east’ SD I | |
| *cil- | ‘to be not’ | |
| *cīk-kāy | ‘soapnut’ | |
| *cīn-kk- | ‘darkness’ | |
| *cīn-t(t)-V- | ‘date palm’ | |
| *cī-p/*cay-pp- | ‘sweeping broom’ | |
| *cīr-ppī | ‘nits’ (lit. lice eggs) PSD | |
| *cukk-V | ‘star’ | |
| *cup/*cow-ar | ‘salt’ SD II | |
| → *up/*ow-ar | ‘salt’ SD I, Te. | |
| *cum-V- | ‘to carry on head’; n. ‘head-pad’ | |
| *cuw- | ‘pipal tree’ | |
| *cūṭ-/*cuṭ-V- | ‘be hot, burn’ | |
| → cut- | ‘be hot, burn’ SD II | |
| *cūr/*cur-V- | ‘to curl up’ | |
| *cū-ẓ | ‘to see, deliberate’ | |
| *ceṯ-ank-/-ankk- | ‘wing’ | |
| *ceṯ-Vkk- | ‘sugar-cane’ SD II | |
| *cey-t-/*coy-t- | ‘porcupine’ | |
| *cer- | ‘to insert’ | |
| *cēr | ‘plough yoked to oxen’ | |
| *cēl-āḷ | ‘younger sister’ SD II | |
| *coṭ- | ‘to drip’ | |
| *coṭṭ-V | ‘lame’ | |
| *coṯ-ac- | ‘shark’ | |
| *col- | ‘to speak, relate’ | |
| *col-(ay) | ‘fireplace’ | |
| *cōṭ- | ‘to run’ | |
| → *cōṭ-am | ‘boat’ | |
| *ñaṇṭ- | ‘crab’ | |
| *ñam-V-l | ‘peacock/peahen’ | |
| *ñam-kō l | ‘plough, our stick’ | |
| *ñāc-Vṯu | ‘sun’ SD I | |
| *ñāṇ/*ñēṇ | ‘string, cord’ | |
| *ñāṯu | ‘seedlings for transplantation’ | |
| *ñāṯu | ‘to emit smell’ | |
| *ñānṯ-V- | Eugenia jambolana | |
| *ñān-ṯu/*ñēn-ṯu | ‘day, time, today’ PSD | |
| *ñā-n/*ñan- | ‘I’ (1sg nom/obl innovated in PSD) | |
| *ñām/*ñam- | ‘we’ (1pl incl) | |
| *takar | ‘ram’ | |
| *taṭṭ-/*taṭ-V- | ‘measles’ | |
| *taṇ | adj. ‘cool, cold’ | |
| *taṇṭ-al | ‘boatman’ | |
| *tan-tay/*tan-ṯi | ‘father’ | |
| *tapa-tapa/*daba-daba | onom. ‘walking fast’ | |
| *tam-kay | ‘younger sister’ | |
| *tamp-V- | ‘younger brother’ | |
| *tar-/*tā- (< *taH-r -/*taH-, neg. and pos.) | ‘to give to 1st or 2nd person’ | |
| *tar-V- | ‘to churn buttermilk’ | |
| *tal-ay | ‘head, hair, top’ | |
| *taḷḷ-ay/-i | ‘mother’ | |
| *taẓ-Vnk-/-nkk | ‘liver’ | |
| *tā-ṇṭu | ‘to dance, jump’ | |
| *tātt-a | ‘grand father’ | |
| *tān/*tan- (< *taHn-) | ‘self’ (3refl sg), emphatic particle SD I | |
| *tānṯi | Beleric myrobalan | |
| *tāli | ‘wedding string with a gold piece’ SD I, Te. | |
| *tāẓ | ‘palmyra tree’ | |
| *tāẓ-waṭam | ‘a string of beads/pearls’ | |
| *tiṯ-V- | ‘to open’ | |
| *tink-aḷ | ‘moon’ SD I | |
| *tiy-am | ‘honey’ | |
| *tirV- | ‘be changed’ | |
| → *tir-ay | ‘to roll’ | |
| → *tir-a-nku | ‘be curled up’ | |
| → *tir-a-nkku | ‘to shrivel up’ | |
| → *tir-i (-v-, -nt-) | v.i. ‘to turn’ | |
| → *(-pp-, -ntt-) | v.t. ‘to turn’ | |
| → *tir-u-ku, tir-u-mpu | v.i. ‘to twist’ | |
| → *tir-u-kku, tir-u-mppu | v.t. ‘to twist’ | |
| → *tir-u-ntu | v.i. ‘to be corrected’ | |
| → *tir-u-nttu | v.t. ‘to correct’ | |
| → *tir-uḷ | ‘to turn’ | |
| *tirV-kal | ‘a hand-mill’ | |
| *tiHn- (past tin-ṯ-/*tin-ṯṯ-) | ‘to eat’ | |
| → *tī-nṯṯ- | ‘to feed’ | |
| *tuñc- | ‘to sleep’ | |
| *tuḷ-acV | ‘sacred basil’ | |
| *tuw-Vṯ- | ‘to drizzle’ | |
| *tuw-Vr | ‘coral’ | |
| *tū-nk- | v.i. to swing’ | |
| → *tū-nkk- | v.t. ‘to swing’ | |
| *tēr | ‘chariot’ SD | |
| *tēr/*ter-V- | ‘to become clear, to know’ | |
| *ten, teṯ-kku | ‘south’ | |
| *tepp-V- | ‘float’ | |
| *teḷ-V- | ‘white, clear’; v. ‘to become clear, to know’ | |
| *tēṯṯ- | ‘to recover’ | |
| *tē- (< *tew-i-) | ‘be full, satiated’ | |
| *tē- (< *tiy-a) | ‘sweet’ PSD | |
| *tēn-ī | ‘honey-bee’ (lit. honey-fly) SD I | |
| *tēn-kk- | ‘teak’ | |
| *tēḷ | ‘scorpion’ | |
| *tokk-/*tok-al/*tō-l | ‘skin’ PSD | |
| *toṭ-V- | ‘to hold’ | |
| *toṇṭ-V- | ‘chameleon’ | |
| *toṯ-V | ‘cattle, cow’ | |
| *tor-Vmp- | ‘lungs’ | |
| *toḷ-/*toṇ- | ‘nine, 9/10’ | |
| *toẓ-V- | ‘slavery’ | |
| *toẓ-V | ‘cattle stall’ | |
| *tōc-ay | ‘a cereal pancake’ SD | |
| *tōṇ-ṭṭ-am (< *tōṇṭu) | ‘garden’ | |
| *tōn-ṯu | ‘to appear, strike to mind’ | |
| *tō-l (< *tok-al) | PSD | see tokktōẓ-/tōẓ-nt- ‘wolf’ |
| *nakk- | ‘to lick’ | |
| *naṭ-a | ‘to walk’ | |
| *nan-key | ‘good (wet) land’ | |
| *na-mpu (< *nay-mp-) | ‘to long for’ | |
| *nari-(kkV) | ‘jackal’ | |
| *nal | ‘good, beautiful’ PSD | |
| *naH-ay/-att/-kuẓi | ‘dog’ | |
| *nāṭu | ‘country, place’ | |
| → *nāṯu | ‘country, place’ SD II | |
| *nā | (obl of 1sg) SD II | |
| *nām-/*nam-V- | ‘be emaciated’ | |
| *nā-l, nā-l-nk(k) | | |
| *nāl/*nal-V- | adj. ‘four’ | |
| → *nāl-nk(k)V | ‘four’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *nāḷ | ‘day’ | |
| → *nāṇ-ṭ- (< *nāḷ-nt-) | ‘day’ SD II | |
| *nāḷ/*naḷ-V- | ‘night’ | |
| *niṯ(V)-nay/-nal/-nāḷ | ‘yesterday, completed day’ | |
| *niṯ-, nin-ṯ- | v.i. ‘to be full’ | |
| *nil-/*niṯ-/*niṯṯ- | ‘to stand’ | |
| *nī- (< *niw-V-) | ‘be elongated’ | |
| *nī | (obl of 2sg) SD II | |
| *nī- | ‘to abandon’ | |
| *nī-n/*nin- | ‘thou’ (2sg) | |
| *nī-r | ‘you’ (2pl) PSD | |
| *nīr | ‘water’ | |
| *nuẓ-Vḷ/-nk- | ‘mosquito’ | |
| *nūṯ- (obl. nūṯ-ṯV) | ‘hundred’ | |
| *nūy | ‘well’ | |
| *nūl | ‘thread’ | |
| *nū(w) | ‘sesame’ | |
| *nūẓ/*nuẓ-V- | ‘to squeeze through’ | |
| *nek-Vḷ | ‘alligator’ | |
| *nec-/*ney- | ‘to weave’ | |
| *neñ-cV | ‘mind, heart, pith’ SD I | see nen-ay |
| *nen-ay | ‘to think’ | see neñ-cu SD I |
| *ney | ‘oil, ghee’ | |
| *nel | ‘a paddy variety’ | |
| *nel-a-nc/-ncc | ‘moon, moonlight’ | |
| *nel-V- | ‘month’ | |
| *nell-/*nel-V- | ‘myrobalan tree’,Phyllanthus emblica | |
| *nēram | ‘time, sun’ SD I, Br. | |
| *noṭ- | ‘to wash’ | |
| → *noṯ- | ‘to wash’ SD II | |
| *noṭ-V- | ‘to say’ | |
| *nōn-pu | ‘a religious vow’ | |
| *nōy- (nōy-nt-) | ‘to pain’ | |
| *pak-al | ‘daylight’ | |
| *pac-V- | ‘calf’ | |
| *pacc- ~ *pac- | ‘yellow/green’ | |
| *pac-Vṇṭ- | ‘yellow metal/gold’ | |
| *pac-Vṯ-/-Vl | ‘green gram’ | |
| *paṭ-Vku | ‘small boat, ferry’ | |
| *paḍḍ-V | ‘a female buffalo’ SD II | |
| *paṇ-V- | ‘work’ | |
| *pan | ‘agriculture land’ | |
| *pan-ī(kil) | ‘dew, cold, chill’ | |
| *pan-ṯi | ‘pig’ | |
| *pan-nīr | ‘cool water, rose water’ | |
| *pan-V- | ‘palm tree’ | |
| *pay- | ‘to break, separate’ | |
| *par-a | ‘to spread’ | |
| *par-utti | ‘cotton’ | |
| *par-Vṇṭu | ‘bullfrog’ | |
| *par-Vntu | ‘vulture’ | |
| *pal | ‘tooth’ | |
| *pal-acV/*pan-acV | ‘jackfruit tree’ | |
| *pall-i | ‘a lizard’ | |
| *pal-V | ‘many’ | |
| *paw-aẓ | ‘coral’ | |
| *paḷḷi | ‘hamlet’ | |
| *paẓ-a | ‘old, used’ (mainly referring to objects) | |
| *paẓ-V- (paẓ-nt-) | ‘to ripen’ | |
| *paH- | adj. ‘ten’ | |
| → *paH-tu | ‘ten’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *pāṭṭ-ān | ‘grand father’ | |
| *pāṭ-V | ‘to sing’ | |
| → *pāṯ- | ‘to sing’ SD II | |
| *pāṇ-/*paṇ-V- | ‘ask, commission’ | |
| *pāṯ-/*paṯ-V- | ‘to run, flee’ | |
| *pānkk- | ‘betel nut’ SD I | |
| *pāmpu | ‘snake’ | |
| *pāy (pāy-nt-) | ‘to leap’ | |
| *pār | ‘to see, perceive, know’ | |
| *pār-ay, | ‘crowbar’ | |
| *pāl | ‘milk, breast’ | |
| *pic-V- ~ *piẓ-V- | ‘to squeeze’ | |
| *picc-/*pic-V- | ‘insanity’ | |
| *piṭ-i | v.t. ‘to grasp’; n. ‘handle’ | |
| *piṇṭ- (< *piẓ-nt-) | ‘to squeeze’ | |
| *piṯ-u | ‘rain’ SD II, ND | |
| *pin/*piṯ- | ‘back, end in place or time, afterwards’ | |
| *pin-cc-Vr | ‘name’ | |
| → *pec-ar | ‘name’ PSD | |
| *piy/*pī | ‘excrement’ | |
| *pill-V | ‘cat’ | |
| *piẓi- (piẓi-nt-) | ‘to squeeze’ | |
| *piẓ-ul | ‘intestines’ CD | |
| *piẓ-Vcc- | ‘sparrow’ | |
| *pī-t-/*pi-tt- | ‘to fart’ | |
| *pīr | ‘thatched grass’ | |
| *puc/*puy | Schleichera trijuga | |
| *puc-V/*put-V- | ‘new’ | |
| *puṭṭi | ‘a measure of c. 500 lbs.’ | |
| *puṯ-ac- | ‘dove, pigeon’ | |
| *puṯ-V | ‘gourd shell, skull’ | |
| *pun-key | ‘bad (dry) land’ | |
| *punttV | ‘white-anthill’ | |
| *pun-nay | ‘mastwood’ | |
| *puy/*pū | n. ‘flower’; v.i. ‘to blossom’ | |
| *pur-uṭu | ‘birth pollution’ SD | |
| *pul | ‘grass’ | |
| *pul-i | ‘tiger’ | |
| *pul-V- | ‘pollution’ | |
| *puḷ- | adj. ‘sour’ | |
| *puẓ-u | ‘insect’; v.i. ‘to blossom’ | |
| *pūṇ | ‘to put on, wear, be yoked’ | |
| → *pūṇ-ṭṭ- (< *pūṇ-tt-) | ‘to cause to put on, yoke’ | |
| *peṭ-a | ‘nape of neck’ | |
| *peṭṭ-i | ‘box’ PSD | |
| *peṇ | ‘woman’ | |
| → *peṇ-ṭṭ-i | ‘female of an animal/bird’ | |
| → *peṇ-(ḍ)li | ‘marriage’ SD II | |
| *peṇ-kk- | ‘tile’ | |
| *per-V- | ‘to grow big’ | see pēr/per-Vpeẓ-an ‘bone, stone of fruit’ |
| *pēc-/*pēẓ- | ‘to talk, prattle’ | |
| *pēṇ/*pēy | ‘devil, god’ | |
| *pēṇṭ-V (< *pēḷ-nt-) | ‘cattle dung’ | |
| *pēṯ- | ‘curd, to curdle’ | |
| → *peṯ-V | ‘to curdle’ | |
| → *peṯ-uku | ‘curd’ | |
| *pēn | ‘louse’ | |
| *pēr/*per-V | ‘big’ | |
| *po- | ‘to perforate’ | |
| *pok-ay | ‘smoke’ | |
| *pok-kuẓ-V- | ‘navel’ SD I, SD II, CD | |
| *pok-Vḷ- | ‘imperial pigeon’ | |
| *pok-Vẓ | ‘to praise’ | |
| *poc-/*poy- | ‘to lie’ | |
| → *poy-nkk- | ‘to lie’ | |
| → *poy-nkk-am | n. ‘falsehood’ (Pre-Telugu) | |
| *poṭṭ-/*poṭ-V- | ‘belly, stomach, pregnancy, intestines’ | |
| *poṯ-Vl | ‘lungs’ | |
| *po-nku | ‘to boil’ | |
| *por-a-/*prō- | ‘to sell’ PSD II | |
| *por-ay | ‘cataract of eye’ | |
| *pol-am | ‘field’ | |
| *pon | ‘gold’ PSD | |
| *pō- | ‘to go’ | |
| → *pō-k- | ‘to go’ | |
| → *pō-kk- | ‘to send’ PSD | |
| *pō-ntt- | ‘male of an animal/bird’ | |
| *pōr | ‘fight, battle’ | |
| → *pōr/*por-V- | ‘to fight’ v.t. | |
| *pōẓ/*poẓ-u-tu | ‘sun’ | |
| *mak-antu | ‘son, male’ | |
| → *mak-aḷ | ‘daughter’ | |
| *mac-V- ~ *maẓ-V- | ‘to delay, be dull’ | |
| *maṯ-i (nṯu) | ‘male child, the young of an animal’ | |
| *maṭi-wēl- | ‘washerman’ (maṭi ‘ceremonial purity’ + wēl-ay ‘work’) SD I, Te. | |
| *maṯ-V- | ‘be hidden, to forget’ | |
| *maṯ-Vku | ‘covered drain’ SD | |
| *maṯ-kāy | ‘mango’ SD II | |
| *mat-al/*mat-uw-ay | ‘marriage’ SD I | |
| *man- (man-ṯ-/-ṯṯ-) | ‘to be, to live, stay’; also copular verb | |
| *man-ay | ‘house, place to live in’ | see manmaya- |
| *maya-nk- | ‘to be confused’ | |
| → *maya-nkk- | v.t. ‘to confuse’ | |
| → *may-nkk-am | n. ‘confusion’ | |
| *may-nt(t)- | ‘fog, mist, dew’ | |
| *may-(mt)- | ‘body’ | |
| → *mē-nd- | ‘body’ | |
| *may-Vr | ‘peacock’ | |
| *mar-am/-an | ‘tree’ | |
| *mar-untu | ‘medicine’ | |
| *mar-Vt- | Terminalia tomentosa | |
| *maẓ-ay | ‘rain’ SD I | |
| *maẓ-V-/*maṯ-V | ‘axe’ | |
| *maẓc-a- | ‘husband’ | |
| *mā | (obl of 1pl) SD II | |
| *mā | ‘animal, beast, deer’ | |
| *māṭ-V, mēṭ-ay | ‘terraced house’ | |
| *māṯ- | v.i. ‘to be changed, altered’ | |
| → *māṯṯ- (< *māṯ-tt-) | v.t. ‘to change, alter’ | |
| *mā-m | ‘mango tree’ | |
| *māma | ‘paternal (father’s sister’s husband)/maternal uncle’ | |
| *māy-tt-/*mā-cc- | ‘man, husband’ | |
| *mic-al/*miy-al > mē-l | ‘above, high’ | |
| *mit-Vẓ | ‘brain, the physical part’ | |
| *miḷ-Vku | ‘black pepper’ | |
| *miHn | ‘star’ | |
| → *min- | ‘to shine, twinkle’ | |
| *mī | (obl of 2pl), SD II | |
| *mīn | ‘fish’ | |
| *muc-Vl | ‘hare’ | |
| *mucc- ~ *muc-V- | ‘to cover’ | |
| *muttV | ‘pearl’ | |
| *mutt-/*mut-V | ‘old, ancient’ | |
| → *mut-tāta | ‘great grandfather’ | |
| *mun | adj. ‘prior, before, front’ | |
| *mun-ay | ‘war-front’ | |
| *mun-nay/-nāḷ | ‘day before yesterday’ | |
| *muy-il | ‘cloud’ | |
| *muy-cc- | ‘baboon’ | |
| *mul-ay | ‘breast, teat’ SD I | |
| *muẓ-u-nk | v.i. ‘to sink’ | |
| → *muẓ-u-nkk | v.t. ‘to drown’ | |
| *muH-/*mū- | adj. ‘three’ | |
| → *mū-nṯu | ‘three’ (3n-m pl) | |
| *mūṭṭ-ay | ‘bundle’ | |
| *mū-nk(k)u/-nc- | ‘nose, beak’ | |
| *mūnk-ūc | ‘mongoose’ | |
| *mūḷ-V- | ‘bone marrow’ | |
| *mentt-i | ‘fenugreek’ | |
| *mel-k- | ‘to become soft’ | |
| *meẓ-V- | ‘to plaster’ | |
| *mē-/*mē-l | ‘above, high’ | see mic-al |
| *mē-nkkV | ‘goat’ | |
| *mēy | ‘to graze’ | |
| *mēl, mēṯ-kk- | ‘the high place, west’ | |
| *mēẓi | ‘plough handle’ | |
| *moc-Vr | ‘buttermilk’ SD I | |
| *moy-al | ‘hare’ PSD | |
| *moẓ-V- | ‘joint’ | |
| → *moẓ-am kāl/-kay | ‘knee/elbow joint’ | |
| *moẓ-V- | ‘to speak’ | |
| *mōc-/*moc-V-ḷ | ‘crocodile’ | |
| *yAH, yĀH/*yĀ | ‘which’ (interrogative root) | |
| *yĀṭu | ‘goat, sheep’ | |
| *yAṇṭ-u | ‘year’ | |
| *yĀtu | ‘river, stream’ | |
| *yĀn/*yAn- (< *yAH-n-) | ‘I’ (1sg) | |
| *yĀn-ay | ‘elephant’ | |
| *yĀm-ay, ? cām-p- | ‘tortoise’ | |
| *yĀmp (?< *hāmp- < *cāmp-) | ‘tortoise’ | |
| *yĀ-w-anṯ-/-at | ‘who, what’ | see ya(a)H |
| *yĀḷ | ‘to rule’ | |
| *wak-ay | ‘to deliberate’ SD I, Te. | |
| *wac-Vṯ | ‘stomach, foetus’ SD I | |
| *wac-V-(kk) | ‘stomach, foetus’ SD II except Te., was-Vr- / -nc- Tu. | |
| *waṭ-a-kku | ‘north’ PSD | |
| *waṯ- ~ *waṯṯ-/*waṯ-V- | ‘to dry up’ | |
| *waṯ-V- | ‘cook, fry’ | |
| *way- | ‘to throw’ aux. SD II | |
| *war-iñci | ‘rice’ | |
| *war-V- | ‘scratch, draw lines’ | |
| *wal | ‘strong’ | |
| → *wal-a kay | ‘right hand’ | |
| *waḷi | ‘wind’ | |
| *waẓ-V-t | ‘brinjal’ | |
| *waH-/*waH-r | ‘to come’ | |
| → *wa-nt- < *war-nt- | ‘came’ (past) SD I, CD, ND | |
| → *wa-cc-/*wā-tt- | ‘came’ (past) SD II | |
| *wān-am | ‘sky’ | |
| *wān-ay | ‘a large earthen pot to store grain’ | cf. wān/wan-V- ‘to fashion, form (as a pot)’ |
| *wāy | ‘mouth (edge, beak, mouth of vessel, aperture, blade of sword)’ | |
| *wāy-/*way-V- | ‘open space, paddy field’ | |
| *wāy-cc-i | ‘sword’ | |
| *wāḷ | ‘sword’ | |
| *wāẓ | ‘to flourish’ | |
| *wāẓ-ay | ‘banana’ SD I | |
| *wiṭ-u | ‘to leave’ PSD | |
| *witt-V | ‘seed’; ‘to sow’ | |
| *wir-al | ‘finger’ SD I | |
| → *wir-and/-anj | ‘finger’ SD II, CD | |
| *wiri-nk- | ‘to open, crack’ | |
| → *wiri-nkk- | v.t. ‘to open, split’ | |
| *wiriñc- | ‘finger’ | |
| *wil | ‘bow’ | |
| *wil- | ‘to sell’ | |
| → *wil-ay | ‘price’ | |
| *wīṭu | ‘abode’ | |
| *wīẓ-/*wiẓ-V- | ‘to fall’ | |
| *wekk- ~ *wek-V- | ‘to hiccup, a hiccup’ | |
| *wec-/*wey- | ‘roast, fry, heat’ | |
| *weṇ-ṇey | ‘butter’ (< *weḷ + ney ‘white oil’) | |
| *wet-V- | v.t. ‘to search’; ‘to marry’ ND | |
| *weruku | ‘cat’ | |
| *weḷ/*weṇ | ‘white’ | |
| → *weḷḷ-ay, weḷ-u-ppu | ‘whiteness’ | cf. Te. weṇd. i ‘silver’ (< *weḷ-nt-) |
| *weḷ-V- | ‘wood-apple’ | |
| *wēṇṭ-V (< *wēḷ-nt-) | ‘to want, desire’ PSD | |
| *wēnt-anṯu | ‘king, god’ | |
| *wē-mpu | ‘neem tree’ | |
| *wēṇ-ṭta | ‘hunting’ | |
| *wēy | ‘to thatch’ | |
| *wēy-i | ‘1000’ | cf. wey-am ‘extensiveness’ |
| *wēr | ‘root’ | |
| *wēḷ (< *weH-ḷ) | ‘to desire’ | see wēṇṭ-V |
| *Vbi + taH- | complex verb stem SD I, SD II | |
| *Vbinf + kūṭu | ‘Vb + suit’ (permissive/prohibitive) SD I, SD II | |
| *Vbinf + ciy- | ‘Vb + give’ (permissive) SD II | |
| *Vbinf + paṭu- | ‘Vb + suffer’ (passive) SD I | |
| *Vbinf + wēṇṭu | ‘Vb + must’ (obligative) SD I | |
| *Vbppl + iru- | ‘Vb + to be’ (perfective) SD I | |
| *Vbppl + ā | ‘Vb + to be’ (completive) SD I | |
| *Vbppl + koṭu | ‘Vb + give’ (benefactive) SD I | |
| *Vbppl + koḷ-/*koṇ- | ‘Vb + take’ (reflexive) | |
| *Vbppl + pō- | ‘Vb + go’ (exhaustive) SD I, SD II | |
| *Vbppl + wiṭu | ‘Vb+ leave’ (completive) SD I | |
| → *(-w)-in ~ *-im/-ir | imperative sg/pl SD I | |
