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Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation

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AP:pron:tpw

Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa[1] and slightly modified by Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.[2]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Old Tupi (16th-17th century)[1][3][2][4][5][6]
LabialCoronalPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalsmn(ɲ)[n 1]ŋ
Plosiveprenasalized(ᵐb)(ⁿd)(ᵑɡ)
voicelessptkʔ
Fricativevoicelessβsʃ[n 2](ɣ)[n 3]h?
voiced(ʒ)[n 4]
Semivowel(w~ɡʷ)[n 5](j)[n 6](ɨ̯)
Flapɾ
Língua Geral Amazônica (18th-19th century)[4][7][5][8][9]
LabialCoronalPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalsmn(ɲ)[n 1]ŋ
Plosiveprenasalized(ᵐb)(ⁿd)(ᵑɡ)
voicelessptk(ʔ)[n 7]
Fricativevoiceless(β)[n 8]sʃ(ɣ)[n 3]
voiced(ʒ)[n 4]
Semivowel(w~ɡʷ)[n 5](j)[n 6](ɨ̯)
Flapɾ
Língua Geral Paulista (18th-20th century)[10][11]
LabialCoronalPalatalVelar
Nasalsmn(ɲ)[n 1]
Plosivevoicelessptk
voicedbɡ
Fricativevoicelesssʃ
voicedvʒ
Semivowel(w~ɡʷ)[n 5](j)[n 6]
Flapɾ
Lateral approximantl

Vowels

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Old Tupi[3][6][1][4][2][5]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiĩɨɨ̃uũ[n 9]
Mideẽoõ
Openaã
Língua Geral Amazônica[4][7][8][9]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiĩ(ɨ)(ɨ̃)[n 10]uũ[n 9]
Mideẽoõ
Openaã
Língua Geral Paulista[10][11]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiĩuũ
Mideẽoõ
Openaã

Notes

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  1. ↑1.01.11.2Nasal allophone of[j].
  2. ^Allophone of/s/ after/i/ in most cases, but can be considered a phoneme in a few words likemakaxera,poxy andxe.
  3. ↑3.03.1A phone that appeared between/ɨ/ and other vowels.
  4. ↑4.04.1Onset allophone of[j], in free variation. Present as a distinguished phoneme in a few words in Rio Negro's Nheengatu, likejí(“axe”) andjibuya(“boa”).
  5. ↑5.05.15.2Allophone of/u/ near other vowels when a glottal stop is not present, in free variation with[ɡʷ] in onset.
  6. ↑6.06.16.2Allophone of/i/ near other vowels when a glottal stop is not present.
  7. ^Lost as a phoneme by the 19th century. Still present as an intervocalic phone in Nheengatu, but not in fast speech.
  8. ^Merged with[w] by the 19th century.
  9. ↑9.09.1For some reason, Santos disagrees this nasal counterpart existed, but doesn't explain words likenhũ andapekũ.[9]
  10. ^Merged with/i/ or/u/ in many regions. Completely lost in modern Rio Negro's Nheengatu[5]

Comparative table

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IPARepresentationExample
TupiLGALGPHist.Norm.
Consonants
ʔ∅, ¨'mba'‎e(“thing”)
βbbabá(“man”)
ɣggygara(“canoe”)
hhhhẽhẽ(“yes”)
kc, g, qu, x (ky)kka'a(“forest”)
mmmmokaba(“gun”)
ᵐbb, mbmbmboîa(“snake”)
nnnnambi(“ear”)
ⁿddndnde(“you”)
ŋg, ngngnhe'eng(“to speak”)
ᵑɡng
ɲgn, ñ, nhnhkunhã(“woman”)
pb, pppó(“hand”)
ɾrrgûariba(“howler monkey”)
ssssy(“mother”)
ttttatu(“armadillo”)
ʃch, sch, xxixé(“I”)
llcolumi(“boy”)
vvuvaca(“sky”)
ɡggurâſû(“sun”)
ʒg, jragira(“daughter”)
ji, j, yîîasy(“moon”)
wo, u, wûapûã(“pointy”)
ɡʷ[n 1]go, gugûgûará(“scarlet ibis”)
ɨ̯i, ig, y, ygŷapŷaba(“man”)
Vowels
aaaarara(“macaw”)
eeesykyîé(“fear”)
ii, j, yikaraíba(“white man”)
oau, oosó(“to go”)
uouugûasu(“big”)
ɨe, i, î, ig, j, ou, ouy, u, y, ygy'ybá(“fruit”)
ãâ, ã, anãmarã(“evil”)
ẽẽ, emẽnha'ẽ(“plate”)
ĩĩ, imĩmirĩ(“small”)
õõ, omõmokõi(“two”)
ũũ, umũapekũ(“tongue”)
ɨ̃u, ũỹamỹîa(“grandfather”)
Diacritics
Use
◌́Primary stress
◌̃Nasalisation
◌̯Semivowel

Notes

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  1. ^Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Old Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that[w] was used in all cases.

References

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  1. ↑1.01.11.2Antônio Lemos Barbosa (1956),Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos [Course of Old Tupi: Grammar, Exercises, Texts] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José,page26
  2. ↑2.02.12.2Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (1998),Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries]‎[1] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, published2005,→ISBN
  3. ↑3.03.1Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (1958),Phonologie der Tupinambá-Sprache‎[2] (in German), Hamburg: Universität Hamburg
  4. ↑4.04.14.24.3Mello, Antônio Augusto Souza (2000), “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos [Lexical reconstructions and cognates]” (chapter III), inEstudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais [Historical study of the Tupi-Guarani language family: phonological and lexical aspects]‎[3] (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC
  5. ↑5.05.15.25.3Aline da Cruz (2011),Fonologia e gramática do Nheengatú: a língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa‎[4] (in Portuguese), Amsterdam: LOT,→ISBN
  6. ↑6.06.1Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos, Aline da Cruz (December 2021), “Empréstimos Linguísticos do Português para a Língua Geral: século XVII [Linguistic borrowings from Portuguese to Língua Geral: 17th century]”, inCadernos de Etnolingüística (in Portuguese), volume 9, number 1, Brasília: Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú, pagee090104
  7. ↑7.07.1Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat (2003), “O tupi do século XVIII (tupi-médio)” (chapter 10), in José Ribamar Bessa Freire, Maria Carlota Rosa, editors,Línguas gerais: política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial‎[5] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ,→ISBN, pages185-194
  8. ↑8.08.1Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat (2015), “Observações sobre a fonologia da língua geral amazônica nos três últimos séculos [Observations on the phonology of Língua Geral Amazônica in the last three centuries]”, in Cândida Barros, Antônio Luís Lessa, editors,Dicionário da língua geral no Brasil [Dictionaty of the general language in Brazil] (in Portuguese), Belém: MPEG,→ISBN, pages19–28
  9. ↑9.09.19.2Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos, Aline da Cruz (2020), “Empréstimos do Português para a Língua Geral no Século XVIII [Portuguese loanwords for the Língua Geral in the 18th century]”, inRevista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (in Portuguese), volume 3, number 1, Macapá: UNIFAP,→DOI, pages160–176
  10. ↑10.010.1Original research based on:anonymous author (18th century),Língua geral dos índios das Américas [General language of the Indians of the Americas]‎[6] (overall work in Portuguese and Old Tupi)
  11. ↑11.011.1Original research based on:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867), “Diccionario de Verbos: portuguez tupi-austral e alemâo”, inWörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen (Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens; II) (overall work in Portuguese and German), Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer

Further reading

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  • Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos (2020),Empréstimos lexicais do português para a Língua Geral: século XVI ao XXI‎[7] (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB, page190

See also

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