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Appendix:Nuristani Swadesh lists

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is aSwadesh list ofNuristani languages, specificallyPrasuni,Kamkata-viri,Ashkun,Waigali,Tregami andProto-Nuristani, compared with that ofEnglish.

List

[edit]

Prasuni: S = Shtive dialect, D = Dewa dialect, K = Kushteki dialect, Pr = Pronz dialect, Z = Zumu dialect, Pa = Pashki dialect

Katë: W = Western dialect, NE = Northeastern dialect, SE = Southeastern dialect

Ashkun: M = Masegal dialect, S = Sanu (Wama) dialect

Waigali: A = Ameshdesh dialect, N = Nisheigram dialect, W = Waigal dialect, Z = Zhonchigal dialect

Tregami: G = Gambir dialect

№	English	Prasuni Vâsi-vari ^{edit (172)}	Kamkata-viri Katë ^{edit (207)}	Ashkun Aṣkuňu ^{edit (174)}	Waigali Kalaṣa-alâ ^{edit (201)}	Tregami ^{edit (81)}	Proto-Nuristani ^{edit (117)}
1	I (1sg)	unzu,unźū	vuze,vuzë ,ũ,ũć,õ,õć	ay*	aka,aṅa	e*	*wānj̈a
2	you (2sg)	üyu,üo	tyu,tü	tu*	tü*	tu*	*tuwa
3	he,she,it (3sg)	alek,ari,ëslek,su,alëk	ni,ki,stë,inë,iki,stë,yinë,yiyi,askë*	yak,sëga ,ki,sëkë*	iki,se,äli,iyi,sa,i,se*	i,sa*	*sa
4	we (1pl)	asẽ*	yimo,yimu ,imu ,yimo	ima,imë	yama,ämi ,yama *	āva*	*asma
5	you (2pl)	myū*	šo*	vī,vi	vi*	vi*	(u)šma,(u)šwa
6	they (3pl)	muri,mëslek,umu*	amni,amki,stë ,amnë,amgi*	yakē̃,sëgē̃,yakãy,kyẽy,sakãy	ämine,yẽ,tẽ*	edā*	*te
7	this	ari,alëk	ni,inë ,yinë *	yak*	äli*	i*
8	that	ëslek,su*	ki,stë,iki,stë,yiyi,askë*	sëga,ki,sëkë	iki,se,iyi,sa,i,se*	sa*	*sa
9	here		ani*	timu,timo	ativ*
10	there		atki,sta ,aki *	tiko,tika	atuyv*
11	who	kës*	kači*	ćay*	kãy,kňãy,ki		kāč(č)i,kā(k)i
12	what	pës*	kay,kā	kā*	kiš,kas		*kašya
13	where		kuvu,kuyū	kū̃,koňo	kiv*		*ku
14	when		kuyi,kuy ,kuyī *	këvi*	kivi*
15	how		kastë,kaštë ,kay stë ,kā stë	kākāći*	keniṅ*
16	not	na*	ne,na	në*	na*		*na
17	all	sëmik,sučok	suv,ćak,ćaṅ,sũ ,suṅ	sëvāk*	parista,sabijag*	sāstok*	*sawwa
18	many	skal,ëskal	bëlyuk,bilyük		öčü*
19	some		evrë,ērë ,erë *	avëḍë*	kemti*
20	few		ču,e či	apëlēk,apilyëk	emtyog*
21	other	varga,vari*	vale,varẽ ,vare *	źadë*	jāta*		*apara(ka)
22	one	upün,atig	e,ev,ē	ac̣*	ev*	yo*	*eka
23	two	lü*	dyu,dü	du*	dü*	du*	*du
24	three	ćši,či ,tči *	tre,tëre	tre,trë	tre*	tre*	*tre
25	four	čpu*	štëvo,što	ćatā*	čatā*	čātā*	*čatwāra
26	five	vuču,vuč	puč*	pũć,põć	pũč*	põč*	*panča
27	big	gëndër,lestë	alë,ōlë	awlë*	gaṇi*		*āpūlaka
28	long	jigni*	drëgeř,drëgëř ,dërëgëň ,drëṅëň	drigalë*	drigala*	drigaṛälä*	*drīgga
29	wide	ištëre,vištir	vëšteř,višteř ,vištëř *	vistëṛë*	vište*		*wištr̥ta
30	thick	piyu*	buvṭë,būṭë		bukuṭa*
31	heavy	vuž*	ganvo,ganëvo	gandalë*	ganala*
32	small		pëmëřuk,lukë ,turćë̃*	lakurë*	ćiki*
33	short	müčog*	mëṭë,muṭë ,muṛë *		toora*
34	narrow	vëleg*	aruř,arëň	lakurë*	avře*
35	thin		lëmëř,lëmeň ,lamëň *		tũka*
36	woman	vësti,vesti	juk,jukuř ,juǧuř *	istrimali,istrëmali	meši,däbili	dabili*	*strikā
37	man (adult male)	muṣ,muš ,mūšū *	moč,muč	mać*	māč,muša		*mā(r)čča
38	man (human being)	vërjimi,varjemi ,vëjjimi *	manči,manji		manaṣ*	madaṣ*	man(n)ušya,wīra
39	child	kyüru*	kuřë,kuř	kūṛë,přā̃	křo*
40	wife	vësti,vesti	štri,štëri	istrī*	ištri,ištrigišti ,ištra *		*strika
41	husband		moč,muč	mać*	māč*		*mā(r)čča
42	mother	nan*	nu,nū	aṛaw,avāk	yẽy,yey ,ey *	žey*	*nana
43	father	ya,ye	to,tot	day*	tāta,tāti ,tata *		*tāta
44	animal		yuṣkuṣ,yaṣkuṣ	yoṣkōṣ*	adātila*
45	fish	tōa müsü,tëva misü	maćë,ō maći	mōć*	mać*	mäć*	*maċċa
46	bird	nĩź,ninz	mřëṅeć,mřëṅećë ,mřaṅźë *	niṅasë*	niṅaća*		*mr̥ngāċa
47	dog	kürok*	křuyi,kuři	kuṛi*	ćũ*	ćū̃*	*ċona
48	louse	ivik,vyöynuk,ivigi	yuv,vü ,yü *	vū*	yü*	vu*	*yuka
49	snake	žeṅi,žeṅ	bibimstë,babistë	kërëṣ*	koṣ*
50	worm	vulug*	gu*	gōk*	gok*
51	tree	üštyobu,üštyub	kënë,këno ,kano *	kandë,këndë	jala*	jalā*	kandaka,stamba
52	forest	bën*	bënë,ben ,banë *	bën*	ban*
53	stick	ḍugo*	ḍun*	ḍuḍë*	ḍun*
54	fruit	pēvoṭ*	kac̣ëvec̣,kadvec̣,kaẓvec̣*	myëvë*	meva*
55	seed		bi*	bi*	bi*
56	leaf	parëg*	přor,por	pār*	poṭ*	påṭ*	*pārra
57	root	kuč,lu ,kuẓu *	lu*	ži*	kov*
58	bark (of a tree)	ivi*	čë*	ći*	či*		*či(t)i
59	flower	išpik,višpig	piš*	pësup,pusup	püš*		*pušya
60	grass	yüs*	yus*	ṣuć,yos	yus*		*yosa
61	rope	mëne,žëṭ*	mënë,mëne ,mane *	ẓūtr*	ütrig*		*řut(t)ra
62	skin	čamë,čam	čom,čum	ćam*	čām*		*čā(r)ma
63	meat	bazë,baz	ano,bëṭë	anda,anā	andā*	anda*	*andāka
64	blood	usü̃,usü	luy*	lëw*	lay*	luy*	*asna
65	bone	iči*	aṭi,aṛi	aṭi*	aṭi*	ḍẓaw*
66	fat (noun)	iski*	sko,skyo	šikā*	sakā*	sika*	*sik(k)aka
67	egg	vežege,vëẓig	përë,puṛuk ,aẓo *	žaw*	vřāv*	aṭi*	*ãřaka
68	horn	üčü,ṣiṅgi	ṣiṅë,ṣiṅ	šiṅ*	ṣiṅ*	ṣiṅ*	*ċruwi
69	tail	lümu,dëmu,lümi	drëmři,dëmřey ,dëmëři *	dumašī*	ṭuṅtä*	dumuṭ*	*duma
70	feather	pëṭegë,pëṭeg	paṭë,paṛü	paṭu*	paṭä*
71	hair	žuy,ẓü	ẓuv,ẓyuv ,ẓu ,ẓü	dru,ćës	kẽć*	kẽć*	*keċa
72	head	ji*	ṣayi,ṣey ,ʂē *	ṣā*	ṣay*	ṣey*	*ċrāya
73	ear	yümu,imu	kor*	karmuṭë,karmoṭë	kār*	kär*	kārra,ušma
74	eye	ižĩ*	ači,ače ,ačẽ *	aćĩ*	ačẽ*	ac̣ĩ*	*ačina
75	nose	nes,nas	nasuř,nazuř	nāsuṛi,kësërë	nās*	nās*	*nāsa
76	mouth	iš,as	aši,aži	aši*	āš*	āš*	*āšya
77	tooth	latëm,lëtëm	dut*	dõt*	dũt*	dũt*	*danta
78	tongue (organ)	urjuk,luzug	diz,dić	žū*	jip*	jip*	*dij̈(w)a
79	fingernail	neč,nëč	nače,načẽ	nawćã*	nuča*	nūveča*	*nāča
80	foot	-vël,ṭë	kyur,kür	kur*	kür*	kur*	*pāda
81	leg	ṭë*	zepo,kyur ,źãpo *		kür*
82	knee	vuzogur*	zo,zu ,zõ ,źõ	zā̃,ḍoṅ	aṣaṅa*	dräṅā*	*j̈ānu
83	hand	lust,duy	dušt,duy ,düšt *	dus,dost	dost,dōšt	döš*	*dasta
84	wing	viṭë,vëṭ	paṭë,paṛü	undrãvaṭ*	paṭä*
85	belly	ül*	kṭyol,kṭol	vāš,čiṭāl	küć*	ṣā̃*	*udara
86	guts	kṭal,vu,ëtre	řu,pyu	ẓo*	vřu,ẓū		*řota
87	neck	marnegi,minig	mareyik,marẽyk ,marëňiṅ *	mandë,maraňīk	kusa*	mūdä*	*māranika
88	back		pṭi*	pṣṭi*	üc̣ẽ*
89	breast	paši,vustu,žüžu,ustu	čuk*	ćuću*	čüčü*		*čučuka
90	heart	zër,zir	zërë,źarë	židi*	zö*	źo*	*j̈r̥de
91	liver	azëti,ščilog	yayi,yaňay ,yaňi *	vyën,yon	yok*	jaṛūna*	*yakna
92	todrink	vī-,vuyë-	pye-,pëye-,pī-*	pī-*	piya-*		*piya-
93	toeat	oyo-,oyë-	yu-,yü-	yu-,yo-	ya-*	ž-*	*yawa-
94	tobite	oṭoṭ-*	kule-,kuřë-	c̣ëkër-,křov-*	dama-*
95	tosuck	-ṣu-*	ćpe-,ćpë-	ćōp-*
96	tospit		ṣëpṣov-,sapjü aṭlō-		tük ća-*
97	tovomit	-kud-*	baruň ašë-*		odata-*
98	toblow		dëmō-,pü bosë̃ vī-		puṇa-*
99	tobreathe	vuš-*	šü̃ kṣō-*		ṣö̃ kaṣa-*
100	tolaugh	vyöydë-,vyöd-	këne-,kanë-	kōn-*	kana-,kani-		*kanda-
101	tosee	-nźe-,-skoz-	vëře-,vaře-,vaňe-,vaňë-	vēň-,vyeň-	vňe-*	jẽ-*	*wena-
102	tohear	nusi-*	sëṅa-,saṅa-	puruz-*	akār data-*	sūr-*
103	toknow	äzne-,ëzn-	zaře-,zaňe-,źaňë-*	niṅa-*	niṅa-,zëň-		*j̈āna-
104	tothink	sügnü-,b-	vëše-,viši-,viži-*	tāṛ-,bat-	bata-*
105	tosmell	-mbës-*	gun kṣō-*		gun ća-*
106	tofear	ëpterv-*	vëdiře-,vëdëře-,vidëřë-*	drām-*	vida-*
107	tosleep	ostom-*	pṣu-*	lag-*	proš di-*
108	tolive		jëve-,jive-,jǖ-*		jẽta ti-*		*ǰiwa-
109	todie	-mo-,omo-	mře-*	mře-*	mrẽ-*		*mr̥ya-
110	tokill	-žnü-,ožni-	jaře-,jiňe-,jaňë-*	lā-*	ẓā̃-*	jňe-*	*ǰāna-
111	tofight	-sko-,-sṣu-	ṣëče-,ṣče-,ṣyi-,kalë ku-		ṣoč ća-*
112	tohunt		šartoř ku-*		mray ća-*
113	tohit	aleg-,-ṣp-	vye-,vi-,vī-*	vī-*	ve-*		*weda-
114	tocut		dale-,špa-,dalë-*	šipa-*	ćina-*		*sċinda-
115	tosplit	-ćepe-,-ćob-	peṭe-,peṛë-	ćinā-,šipā-,šipa-*	vića-*
116	tostab		pūši-*		pravā data-*
117	toscratch	-koṣo-*	kṣe-,c̣kňe-,c̣aṅëňe-*	čikëṛ-*	kučā-*
118	todig	kučë-,kušč-	kuče-,kučë-,kčë-*		kuča-*
119	toswim	av vukṣu-*	noš ku-,noš ku-		āv nāṭ ća-*
120	tofly		vudra-,e-,po te-*	undr-*	osta-*		*uddrā-
121	towalk		e-,e-,po te-*		e-*	e-*	*e-
122	tocome	-a-,-ać-	aće-,aćë-	ay-*	e-*	e-*	*e-
123	tolie (as in a bed)		čũ přazī-*		paṣ tā-*
124	tosit	-šil-*	nëše-,niše-,je-*	nišā-*	niše-*	niš-*	*nišida-
125	tostand	ušti-,üti-	tye-,ti-,tī-*	ō̃st-,ut-	üte-*		*uštiya-
126	toturn (intransitive)	-r-,-kuž-	pëlṅe-,pëlëṅe-,pilṅi-*	pëlëṅ-*	piliṅa-*
127	tofall	-nji-*	pëlṭye-,pëlṭe-,pilṭë-*	lag-*	damaka-*
128	togive	alye-,-pli-	pře-*	pře-*	pra-*	pr-*	*pradada-
129	tohold		dame-,vanmë-		dama-*		*dama-
130	tosqueeze		vëṣṭe-,viṣṭë-	vīṣṭ-*	lipičkā-*
131	torub		kṣe-,kaẓë-	kōṣ-*	lipā-*
132	towash	-st-*	dëre-,darë-	niź-,dër-	pala-*		*d(w)ara-
133	towipe		saǧa-*		kaṣā-*
134	topull	-kṣë-,-kṣ-	kṣō-*	keṣavā-*	kaṣā-*
135	topush	-li-*	spī-*		lipičkā-*
136	tothrow	-es-,-ćur-	aše-,aši-,aži-*	čaṭā-*	arā-*		*ašya-
137	totie	gëṭ-*	gëṭye-,geṭe-,giṛë-*	gō̃ṭ-*	graṇṭa-*		*gr̥nta-
138	tosew	asyu-,ašiv-	šëve-,šive-,šǖ-*	šiv-*	šüva-*		*šiwa-
139	tocount	-guni-*	gëře-,gëňe-,gaňe-*	gëň-*	gaṇa tā-*		*gane-
140	tosay	ko lyu-,ko li-,pul-	jë ku-,gijë ku-	bal-*	ća-*
141	tosing	ga li-*	lalu ku-,lālu ku-		alol ća-*
142	toplay	müšüv-*	mëšye-,mišë-,mižë-*		müṣāp ća-*
143	tofloat		paćeř aćë-*
144	toflow		ačuṇe-,ačuṇë-	gut-*
145	tofreeze	tüzik ti-*	yuć za-,še ti-,šē tī-*
146	toswell	yüṇḍ-,-ṇḍob-	apse-,apsë-	puṇ-*	puṇa-*
147	sun	üsük*	su,suvay	so*	sö*	sä̃*	*sawi
148	moon	mësëk,mësex ,mësëg *	mos,mus	mas*	mās*	mās*	*māsa
149	star	istik*	što,řušto ,řašto *	ista,istã	tāra*	tāra*	*stāra
150	water	avë,av	avë,ō	abo*	āv*	āw*	*āpa
151	rain	agal,ëgal	agol*	nalī*	oṣit,oṣit	veṣiṅ*	*warši(C)a
152	river	gulave,gulaw,të,gulav	gëlev,gëlev ,gulō ,galō	gulabo,golabo	golāv*
153	lake	suru,sur	nilë,sur	sur,nīl	sor*		*sara
154	sea		daryop*
155	salt	uẓeṅk,uẓux ,vuẓnug *	ẓuk*	ẓōk*	vřug*		*řona
156	stone	yirë,ir	voṭ*	vāṭ*	vāṭ*	vāṭ*	giri,wārta
157	sand	përćë*	ćyuy,ćuyu ,ćü *	šōňë*	šo*	šew*	*ċikata
158	dust	përćë*	pëřës,pëřesë ,pařɘsɘ duř *	odūṛ,uduṛū*	pasalä*
159	earth	bim,përćë,pućë,bim	bim,byum ,büm *	bum*	büm*	gåc̣*	*bumi
160	cloud	marë,mar	naru,niru	nalī,lāňa	nāli*	myär*	*mega
161	fog		me*	nalyuduṛ*	dümüč*		*mega
162	sky	gul*	dik,di	dī,dīkaṭë	dilu*	dilu*	*di(C)a
163	wind	dumu*	dëmi,damu	domō*	bās*	bās*	*damana
164	snow	zima*	zim,źim	žim*	zim*	źim*	*j̈ima
165	ice	üzü*	še,šē	astrëmë*	āc̣ama*		*āċramaka
166	smoke	ülyumu,ülüm	dyum,düm	dūm*	düm,dǖm	dum*	*duma
167	fire	aneǧe,aneg	aṅo*	aṅa*	ā̃y*	aṅā*	*angāra
168	ash	asë,as	asë,azë	ṣūti*	āsa*	āså*	*āsaka
169	toburn	jur-,-lev-	luṣe-,luẓë-	ṣož-,lōṣ-	lüṣṭa bi-*
170	road	vutu,ut	put*	vëričo*	pũt*	põt*	*panta
171	mountain	ku*	do*	da*	dā*	dā*	*dāra
172	red	puṭu,püṭ	zëřë,zëňë ,źëňë *	ẓutëstë,ẓutārāṅ	laylaysta*	ḍẓatå*	*řatta
173	green	žyarä,nil	adrë,ādërë ,ninilë ,ādrë,kuğuň	aydrëstë,aydrë-arāṅ,kawkoňë-arāṅ	arida,kövẽ*	palašå*
174	yellow	žunyu,indrã ,žünyog *	adrë,ādërë ,aydërë ,ādrë	aydrëstë,aydrë-arāṅ	arida,mac̣arẽ*	aridå*
175	white	këšir*	kaširë,kašerë ,kažirë *	kaširë*	kašira*	kašira*
176	black	uẓe,vuẓë	ẓi,ẓī	žikëstë*	kāča*	kāčå*
177	night	žeṭ,ëṣṭa	řotr,řador	ẓātr,ẓatār	vātr*	ḍẓātr*	*řātri
178	day	ënćëra,vës,ënćera	gërjor,gajar	vās*	vās*	vās*	*wāsa
179	year	vuću,vusću	së,ssë	vēl*	vel*		*waċċa
180	warm	tabe,aliga	tpi,tëpi ,tapi *	tapë*	tape*		*tappita
181	cold	yüzu,üzu ,üzü *	šilë,šalë	ac̣ëgë*	yoz*		*yaj̈a
182	full		përe,pare ,parik ,parē	pareystë*	parasta*		*pārraka
183	new	unü,inü	nuy,nuyi ,nuyĩ *	nuṅë*	nuṅa*		*nawiya(ka)
184	old	purdu,tigër	përdë,purdë		ḍega*
185	good	uščum*	ley,lē	maystë*	jäy*
186	bad	ḍigër*	ḍëgërë,ḍëgerë ,ḍağërë *	apalë*	apala*
187	rotten		pkelë,pkulë		čükürala,pukāla*
188	dirty	nyenzig*	čaṣku*	mol*
189	straight	ščöli*	ṣṭalë*	uzëmë*	üjā̃ka*
190	round	kuṇḍu*	përë,puṛë ,puṇḍrë *		puṇḍura*
191	sharp (as a knife)	bizü*	ćyo*	ćinalë*	ćaṭaka*
192	dull (as a knife)	muṭku*	mëṭo,muṭë ,ḍuṛë *	bukëstë*	buka*
193	smooth	ćëčili,čëčël	sëlkyëř,sëlkyëň ,sëlkëň *		sirikana*
194	wet	ṭëpële,žye	ẓëlë*	trupalë*	trüpala*
195	dry	üškyö*	dëři,dëňi ,dumë *	susustë*	deňä*
196	correct		sayi*	maystë*	lādbāṣ*	mul*
197	near	tëptër*	tëvre,tëvërẽ ,tūrẽ *	pëtëvërëk*	tarā̃t*
198	far	tike*	bëdyuř,badüř	sëdu*	südi*	sudu*	*dura
199	right	lug*	daćyu,daćyẽ ,pačuṭ *	dëćũ*	müli*	mul döš*
200	left	kšu*	kavë,kā ,ku *	kaval*	kāri*
201	at	pa*	-u,-vu*	-dã*	-akan,-akana*
202	in	t-*	atu,atë	-dã*	-akan,-akana,ater,ater*		*ãtari
203	with	mëṣi*	meṣ,meň	miš*	-mili*
204	and	-dī*	-je*	-o*	-ye*
205	if		-bo,-to ,-tã *		ta*
206	because		∅*		ša-ṛa ta*
207	name	nom,nëmë ,nëm *	nom,num	nām*	nām*		*nāma

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Ashkun Akkadian Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Chadian Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Tuareg Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Buginese Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Celtiberian Central Bikol Chambeali Chamorro Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Even Evenki Faliscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian West Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Galatian Gelao Georgian Old Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Classical Gaelic Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Jaunsari Javanese Jeju Jizhao Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Katë Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Korean Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Ladino Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lepontic Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Manchu Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuanese Nanjing Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Northern Mansi Nihali Nuristani Kalasha Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Norse Old Prussian Old Tupi Oscan Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Old Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Talysh Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Tiwi Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tregami Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Udi Caucasian Albanian Ukrainian Umbrian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Shanghainese Suzhounese Wutun Yiddish Yola Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Germanic West North Hellenic Hmong-Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Sabellic Japonic Kartvelian Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tocharian Tyrsenian Slavic East West South Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Dené-Yeniseian Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian Proto-Yeniseian
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