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Appendix:Lower Sorbian pronunciation

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AP:pron:dsb

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Lower Sorbian pronunciations in Wiktionary entries.

Consonants
IPAExamplesNearest English approximation
/b/bababooty
/bʲ/biś,bjachaŕbeauty
/ɕ/śamny,wobraź,pišćaŕsheet
/d/dawaśdo
/dʲ/djaboł[1]due (RP)
/d͡z/łdzaadze
/d͡ʑ/rozdźěliśjeans
/d͡ʒ/[2]łdžaJune
/f/faraŕ,archiwfool
/fʲ/figa,šefjefuel
/ɡ/ganogoon
/ɡʲ/ginuś,gjarncambiguity
/h/helahave
/j/jajo,sajźaś,wjacoryou
/k/kazaś,rogcoop
/kʲ/kisały,kjarlcute
/l/lampalamp
[lʲ][3]lipamillion
/m/mamamoot
/mʲ/mica,mjasecmute
/n/nanno
/nʲ/niski,njamam,mańonion
[ŋ][4]kanka,bengellong
[ŋʲ][5]śańkiavuncular
/p/papa,zubpooh
/pʲ/piś,pjaspew
/r/radarudebut trilled; also[ʁ] as in Germanrot
/rʲ/rigotaś,rjeśaz,keŕreadbut tapped; also[ʁ] as in Germanrot
/s/sam,razsoup
/ʃ/[2]šantk,kažshoot
/t/tam,kładtime
/tʲ/metjej[1]tune (RP)
/t͡ɕ/sćěna,tśasaś,gózdźcheese
/t͡s/cakaścats
/t͡ʃ/[2]čaj,tšawachoose
/v/[6]volt,Vatikanvote
/vʲ/[7]wino,wjedroview
/w/[8]łapiś,kisałe,słowo,wariś,barwa,wałma,sławnywas
/x/[9]chachaśNo common English equivalent; Scots lochor Yinglishchutzpah
/z/zabyśzoo
/ʑ/źaseśNo common English equivalent; like thes ofmeasure but palatalized
/ʒ/[2]žabameasure
Vowels
IPAExamplesNearest English approximation
/a/nanfather
[æ][10]mech,knecht,zdechnuśbat
[e][11]dej,zemja,jeleń,wójna,mějbait
[ə][12]młoźinske,moderne,pónjeźelecomma
/ɛ/derje,góla,[13]sobotabet
/i/lipabeat
/ɪ/[14]něgabit (General American/RP)
/ɨ/góla[13],šyrokibit (New Zealand English)
[o][15]rowny,šołtaboat
/ɔ/togodlabought
/u/rukaboot
/ʊ/góla[13]put, book
Suprasegmentals
IPAExplanation
/ˈ/Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), for exampleinternat[intɛrˈnat]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.1Very rare as an independent phoneme; mostly occurs as an allophone of the nonpalatalized equivalent before/i/ and/ɪ/ in loanwords.
  2. ↑2.02.12.22.3Sometimes described as retroflex, i.e.[ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ]. The Serbski Institut asserts that the postalveolars/ʃ/ and/t͡ʃ/ are separate phonemes from/ʂ/ and/ʈ͡ʂ/, but if so, the postalveolars appear almost only in loanwords, and thefunctional load of the contrast is extremely low.
  3. ^Allophone of/l/ before/i/ and/ɪ/.
  4. ^Allophone of/n/ before/k ɡ/.
  5. ^Allophone of/n/ before/kʲ ɡʲ/.
  6. ^Occurs only in loanwords; not reliably distinguished from/w/ by all speakers.
  7. ^Phonetic realizations vary from a palatalized bilabial to a palatalized labiodental fricative,[vʲ] ~[βʲ]; generally replaced by/j/ before/a/ and/ɛ/ but may be retained there in careful speech. The Serbski Institut describes it as a palatalized labiovelar approximant,[wʲ], but it is unclear what that is supposed to mean; perhaps[ɥ].
  8. ^Phonetic realizations before a vowel vary from a labiovelar approximant to a velarized bilabial approximant or fricative,[w] ~[β˕ˠ] ~[βˠ]. At the end of syllable, always realized as[w].
  9. ^Some but not all speakers have palatalized[xʲ] as an allophone of/x/ after/i/ and/ɪ/.
  10. ^Allophone of/ɛ/ between a “hard” consonant (i.e. any other than/l/ or a palatalized or alveo-palatal consonant) and/x/.
  11. ^Allophone of/ɛ/ before/j/ (regardless of the quality of the preceding consonant), in the wordzemja and its derivatives, and between two “soft” consonants (i.e./l/ or a palatalized or alveo-palatal consonant). Before/j/ in the following syllable there is free variation between the allophones[e] and[ɛ].
  12. ^Allophone of/ɛ/ in unstressed final and antepenultimate open syllables.
  13. ↑13.013.113.2The letter ⟨ó⟩ represents/ɛ/,/ɨ/, or/ʊ/ depending on dialect; but ⟨ój⟩ is always/ɛj/[ej]. The pronunciation/ʊ/, as in Upper Sorbian, is now only marginal in Lower Sorbian.
  14. ^Replaced with/ɛ/ (in its allophone[e]) in before/j/. The contrast between/ɪ/ and/ɛ/ is lost in unstressed syllables for many speakers in casual speech.
  15. ^Allophone of/ɔ/ before/w/.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Schaarschmidt, Gunter (1998).The Historical Phonology of the Upper and Lower Sorbian Languages. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.→ISBN.
  • Serbski Institut (2019).Niedersorbische Aussprache.
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999).Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik – Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.→ISBN, pp. 15–21.
  • Stone, Gerald (2002), “Sorbian (Upper and Lower)”, in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G.,The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685,→ISBN.
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