NOTE: any sequence Vowel+H corresponds phonetically to that vowel written twice. E.g.: EH = EE

ª simple consonant corresponds to any single consonant in writing and to the sequence GH (=CH "simple")

¹ when unstressed

² before a coronal consonant (D,L,N,R,S,SCH,T,Z)

³ before other consonants

⁴ the umlaut over the letters E and I only has the function of indicating the pronunciation more precisely and can be ignored. Ë is used to indicatethat an unstressed E should be pronounced as /e/ and not as /ə/, as well as breaking digraphs, indicating that the two letters should be pronounced separately.pronounced separately. Ï is only used before an E, making it clear that in this case the two vowels should bepronounced separately and not as an /iː/.

⁵ double consonant corresponds to any combination of more than one consonant in writing and to the consonant W (=V "double")