This is aSwadesh list of words inEtruscan, compared with definitions inEnglish.
American linguistMorris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| № | English | Etruscan edit (46) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𐌌𐌉(mi) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𐌅𐌍(vn) |
| 3 | he,she,it (3sg) | 𐌀𐌍(an) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 𐌌𐌉𐌓(mir) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 𐌄𐌉𐌍(ein) |
| 7 | this | 𐌂𐌀(ca),𐌕𐌀(ta) |
| 8 | that | 𐌂𐌀(ca),𐌕𐌀(ta) |
| 9 | here | 𐌈𐌅𐌉(θvi) |
| 10 | there | |
| 11 | who | |
| 12 | what | |
| 13 | where | |
| 14 | when | |
| 15 | how | 𐌉𐌂(ic),𐌉𐌗(ix),𐌍𐌀𐌂(nac),𐌉𐌗𐌍𐌀𐌂(ixnac) |
| 16 | not | 𐌄𐌉𐌍(ein) |
| 17 | all | 𐌇𐌄𐌅𐌀(heva) |
| 18 | many | |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | |
| 21 | other | |
| 22 | one | 𐌈𐌖(θu) |
| 23 | two | 𐌆𐌀𐌋(zal) |
| 24 | three | 𐌂𐌉(ci) |
| 25 | four | 𐌑𐌀(śa) |
| 26 | five | 𐌌𐌀𐌙(maχ) |
| 27 | big | |
| 28 | long | |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | |
| 31 | heavy | |
| 32 | small | |
| 33 | short | |
| 34 | narrow | |
| 35 | thin | |
| 36 | woman | 𐌐𐌅𐌉𐌀(pvia) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | |
| 38 | man (human being) | |
| 39 | child | 𐌇𐌅𐌔(hvs) |
| 40 | wife | 𐌐𐌅𐌉𐌀(pvia) |
| 41 | husband | |
| 42 | mother | 𐌀𐌕𐌉(ati) |
| 43 | father | 𐌀𐌐𐌀(apa) |
| 44 | animal | 𐌆𐌅𐌔𐌋𐌄(zvsle) |
| 45 | fish | |
| 46 | bird | |
| 47 | dog | |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | |
| 63 | meat | |
| 64 | blood | |
| 65 | bone | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | |
| 72 | head | |
| 73 | ear | |
| 74 | eye | |
| 75 | nose | |
| 76 | mouth | |
| 77 | tooth | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | |
| 81 | leg | |
| 82 | knee | |
| 83 | hand | |
| 84 | wing | |
| 85 | belly | |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | todrink | 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕(spet) |
| 93 | toeat | |
| 94 | tobite | |
| 95 | tosuck | |
| 96 | tospit | |
| 97 | tovomit | |
| 98 | toblow | |
| 99 | tobreathe | |
| 100 | tolaugh | |
| 101 | tosee | 𐌕𐌄𐌅(tev),𐌕𐌍𐌀𐌌(tnam) |
| 102 | tohear | |
| 103 | toknow | |
| 104 | tothink | |
| 105 | tosmell | |
| 106 | tofear | |
| 107 | tosleep | |
| 108 | tolive | 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌋(sval) |
| 109 | todie | 𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌍(lein),𐌋𐌅𐌐𐌅(lvpv),𐌍𐌄𐌔(nes) |
| 110 | tokill | |
| 111 | tofight | |
| 112 | tohunt | |
| 113 | tohit | |
| 114 | tocut | |
| 115 | tosplit | |
| 116 | tostab | |
| 117 | toscratch | |
| 118 | todig | |
| 119 | toswim | |
| 120 | tofly | |
| 121 | towalk | |
| 122 | tocome | |
| 123 | tolie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | tosit | |
| 125 | tostand | |
| 126 | toturn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | tofall | |
| 128 | togive | 𐌀𐌋(al),𐌀𐌔(as),𐌋𐌄𐌔(les),𐌌𐌀𐌋(mal),𐌕𐌅𐌈𐌉(tvθi),𐌕𐌅𐌓(tvr) |
| 129 | tohold | |
| 130 | tosqueeze | |
| 131 | torub | |
| 132 | towash | |
| 133 | towipe | |
| 134 | topull | |
| 135 | topush | 𐌀𐌓𐌔(ars) |
| 136 | tothrow | 𐌕𐌓𐌅𐌈(trvθ) |
| 137 | totie | |
| 138 | tosew | |
| 139 | tocount | |
| 140 | tosay | |
| 141 | tosing | |
| 142 | toplay | |
| 143 | tofloat | |
| 144 | toflow | |
| 145 | tofreeze | |
| 146 | toswell | |
| 147 | sun | 𐌅𐌔𐌉𐌋(vsil),𐌅𐌑𐌉𐌋(vśil) |
| 148 | moon | 𐌕𐌉𐌅(tiv),𐌕𐌉𐌅𐌓(tivr) |
| 149 | star | 𐌐𐌅𐌋𐌅𐌌(pvlvm) |
| 150 | water | 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌉(neri) |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌈𐌅𐌍𐌀(penθvna),𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌈𐌍𐌀(penθna),𐌕𐌅𐌐𐌉(tvpi),𐌕𐌅𐌋(tvl) |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | 𐌂𐌄𐌋(cel) |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | 𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌅(falatv) |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔(vers) |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | toburn | |
| 170 | road | 𐌕𐌄𐌆𐌀𐌍(tezan) |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | 𐌕𐌉𐌍(tin),𐌕𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀(tinia) |
| 179 | year | 𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌋(avil) |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | 𐌌𐌋𐌀𐌂𐌀(mlaca) |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | 𐌇𐌀𐌌𐌘𐌀(hamφa) |
| 200 | left | 𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌅𐌀(laiva) |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | 𐌈𐌅𐌉(θvi) |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | -𐌂(-c),𐌄𐌕𐌍𐌀𐌌(etnam),𐌉𐌂(ic),𐌉𐌗(ix) |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | 𐌍𐌀𐌂(nac) |
| 207 | name |