Egyptological pronunciation

References

1. ^Peust, Carsten (2008) “On Consonant Frequency in Egyptian and Other Languages” inLingua Aegyptia volume 16, pages 105–134
2. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[1], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages119–120
3. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages31–32
4. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[2], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages107, 120
5. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages31–32
6. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page37
7. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page37
8. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[3], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page117: “While the palatalization started in Dynasty 3 and the new sign ⟨ẖ⟩ came into use for expressing the non-palatalized sound, some of the words that evaded palatalization could still be written with ⟨š⟩ by historical orthography until Dynasty 6.”
9. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[4], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages115–117, 120
10. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[5], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages125–126
11. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page34
12. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[6], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages140, 243
13. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[7], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page123: “Around the end of the Old Kingdom, ⟨ṯ⟩ and ⟨ḏ⟩ frequently merged with ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩, a process which I call palatal fronting.”
14. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[8], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages123–125
15. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[9], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages123–125
16. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
17. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[10], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page137
18. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[11], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages137–138
19. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[12], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page139
20. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[13], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page139
21. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[14], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page123: “Around the end of the Old Kingdom, ⟨ṯ⟩ and ⟨ḏ⟩ frequently merged with ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩, a process which I call palatal fronting.”
22. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[15], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages123–125
23. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[16], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages123–125
24. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[17], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages123–125
25. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
26. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[18], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages103–104
27. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[19], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages103–104
28. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[20], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page104
29. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[21], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages151–156, 255
30. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
31. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[22], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages163–164:

    Writings withm first appear in the Middle Kingdom and more regularly in the New Kingdom. We conclude that the sound change took place approximately at the time of the Middle Kingdom, but historical orthography conserved the older writing ⟨nw⟩ for a while, especially in the divine namernn-wt.t. 2) The sound change took place beforew was lost according to the rules discussed in § 3.14.2.7.

32. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[23], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages163–165
33. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[24], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page141
34. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[25], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages141, 151–155, 255
35. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
36. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[26], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages192–193
37. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[27], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page157:

    Certain Egyptian writings suggest that the loss of-n could already have taken place by the New Kingdom, as was the case for most other consonantal losses. However, the place nameḥw.t-nn-nzw (writtenḫi-ni-in-ši in Neo-Assyrian transcription, 7th century BC) lost its secondn as late as the mid of the 1st millennium BC (written ανυσις by Herodotos, Coptic^sϩⲛⲏⲥ) (cf. Peust 1992: i23f.).

38. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[28], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages157–158
39. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[29], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page158
40. ^Peust describes this rule but rejects it, suggesting as an alternative explanation that the stressed vowel in fact simply follows /ʀ/ in these cases. Other authors, however, broadly accept it. The question bears further investigation. SeePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[30], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page187.
41. ^Peust provides examples that show that words were generally unchanged in the Middle Kingdom and first show changes starting with Late Egyptian; since the loss of/ʀ/ preceded the start of Late Egyptian, this loss provides aterminus ante quem. SeePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[31], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages131–132.
42. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[32], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages127, 131–132
43. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page245
44. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[33], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages127, 131
45. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[34], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages127, 129, 142:

    Most instances of the phoneme written as ⟨ꜣ⟩ merged with /j/ after the Middle Kingdom, and it thus lost its liquid character […] the sound written ⟨ꜣ⟩ had already merged with ⟨j⟩ by the New Kingdom […] ⟨ꜣ⟩, originally a liquid /r/, had completely conflated with ⟨j⟩ by the New Kingdom at the latest (cf. Westendorf 1962: §22).

46. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[35], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages127, 129, 142, 243
47. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
48. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[36], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page247
49. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[37], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages246–248
50. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[38], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page236
51. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages44–45
52. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[39], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
53. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[40], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
54. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[41], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
55. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[42], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
56. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[43], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
57. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[44], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
58. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[45], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page146
59. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[46], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages146–148
60. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[47], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages146–148
61. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[48], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages146–148
62. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[49], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page142:

    From the New Kingdom on, ⟨j⟩, ⟨ꜣ⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are frequently either omitted in writing or else written where they are unexpected etymologically (this is not true for ⟨j⟩, ⟨ꜣ⟩, ⟨w⟩ in word-initial position). […] To a much lesser degree, some of these effects can be observed as early as in the Old Kingdom (Edel 1955/64: I, §§ 43-45).

63. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[50], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page150
64. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
65. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[51], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages148–149
66. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages33, 35, 38
67. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[52], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page145
68. ^See the examples given inPeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[53], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages150–151.
69. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[54], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page145
70. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[55], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages150–151
71. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[56], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page149
72. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages33, 35
73. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[57], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page149
74. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[58], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page143
75. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[59], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page144
76. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[60], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page144
77. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[61], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
78. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[62], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page259
79. ^For word-final vowel reduction seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[63], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page259.
80. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39
81. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[64], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page255: “If the remaining consonant(s) between the stressed vowel and the final vowel are lost as well, then the final vowel is absorbed by the stressed vowel.”
82. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39
83. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[65], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages255, 259
84. ^Described together with future change to schwa inLoprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39.
85. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[66], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
86. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page46
87. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[67], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
88. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[68], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
89. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[69], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
90. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages33, 35
91. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[70], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages223–224
92. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
93. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[71], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages222–226
94. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
95. ^Peust, Carsten (1992) “Zur Herkunft des koptischen ⲏ” inLingua Aegyptia, volume 2, page 118: “Wo hingegen ⲏ auf *ī zurückgeht, liegt dieses schon in mittelbabylonischer Zeit alsē vor: ⲣⲏ “Sonne” <Rꜥw – mbab.re-a, ⲙϩⲏ “Atem” <mḥy.t “Nordwind” – mbab.ma-ḫe-e.”
96. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[72], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages222–224, 231, 243–244
97. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages39, 247
98. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[73], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
99. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[74], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page85: “Only as concerns the distinction of ⟨p⟩ and ⟨b⟩, cases of confusion can already be observed in the New (or perhaps even Middle) Kingdom (cf. Ward 1975).”
100. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[75], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page135
101. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
102. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[76], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page79: “I argue that both ⟨b⟩ and ⟨ꜥ⟩ (= /d/) probably remained stops until the Middle Kingdom.”
103. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[77], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages133, 135–136
104. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
105. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages38–39
106. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[78], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages222–223, 225–226, 231
107. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
108. ^Peust thinks all exceptions are analogical. See in generalPeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[79], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages257–259.
109. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[80], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages253–255
110. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39
111. ^Edel, Elmar (1961), “Neues Material zur Herkunft der auslautenden Vokale -ⲉ und -ⲓ im Koptischen”, inZeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, volume86, number 1,→DOI
112. ^Peust notes this change explicitly only for ‘certain varieties of Lycopolitan’ (i.e. dialect L6), but cuneiform transcriptions show that it happened in other dialects as well before merging with final schwa; seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[81], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages151, 258.
113. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[82], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page258
114. ^A final /Cʕ/ that has lost a subsequent vowel and glide is treated identically to /Cəʕ/ from a reduced, originally word-final syllable; seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[83], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page257.
115. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[84], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages222–224, 226, 231–232
116. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page38
117. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39
118. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[85], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages222–228
119. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39
120. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[86], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page214
121. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[87], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page214
122. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[88], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page214: “Where Sahidic has ⲟⲟ, Akhmimic can have either ⲁⲁ or ⲟⲟ, a rule is not known.”
123. ^Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “Dialectical Variation of the Egyptian-Coptic Language in the Course of Its Four Millennia of Attested History” inJournal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 9, page 43
124. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[89], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages84–85, 114:

     Both classes of stops were distinguished strictly until about 1000BC. There is no confusion between written ⟨k⟩ and ⟨q⟩/⟨g⟩ until the New Kingdom. This also holds true for the palatals ⟨ṯ⟩ — ⟨ḏ⟩ and dentals ⟨t⟩ — ⟨d⟩. Only as concerns the distinction of ⟨p⟩ and ⟨b⟩, cases of confusion can already be observed in the New (or perhaps even Middle) Kingdom (cf. Ward 1975). After the New Kingdom, confusion between both series of stops becomes very frequent in Egyptian writing. […] Immediately following Dynasty 20, much confusion arises in writing velar stops, and it is unclear how graphemes and phonemes relate at that time.

125. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[90], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages84–85
126. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages38, 42
127. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[91], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages84–85
128. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages38, 42
129. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[92], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages84–85, 114
130. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages38, 42
131. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[93], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page237
132. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[94], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page237
133. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[95], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 223, 225–226, 231, 238–240
134. ^As demonstrated by loanwords loaned at various times, the sound change ˈoː > ˈuː / _[ɾ, l] was operational after the New Kingdom, but no longer so on Semitic loanwords taken up in Demotic times; seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[96], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages240–241.
135. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[97], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages231, 240–243
136. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[98], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages231–232, 241–243
137. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[99], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages231, 243–244
138. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[100], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages244–246
139. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[101], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages244–246
140. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[102], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages244–246
141. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[103], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages244–246
142. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[104], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages103, 211–212, 222–223, 225, 227, 238
143. ^For evidence demonstrating this sound change in the precursor dialects to Fayyumic and Mesokemic, seeBlasco Torres, Ana Isabel (2017),Representing Foreign Sounds: Greek Transcriptions of Egyptian Anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD, Leuven, Salamanca, pages614–615.
144. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages46, 248
145. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[105], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages98, 211–212, 222–224, 228, 237
146. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[106], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages211–212, 225–228
147. ^Peust, Carsten (1992) “Zur Herkunft des koptischen ⲏ” inLingua Aegyptia, volume 2, page 124: “Somit ergibt sich für die e-Verschiebung durch Postnasalierung alsterminus post quem die Regierungszeit Assurbanipals (669-626), alsterminus ante quem die Zeit Herodots (ca. 484-420) sowie der Niederschrift der Jesaja-Stelle (nicht exakt festlegbar).”
148. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[107], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages238–239: “The nasalization must have affected at least /i/ in the mid of the 1st century [sic, for millennium] BC, but it might also have been present in earlier and/or later periods.”
149. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[108], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages231–232, 238–239
150. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[109], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages203, 216
151. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[110], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 239
152. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[111], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages222–228
153. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page39
154. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[112], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR
155. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[113], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page134
156. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[114], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page134
157. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[115], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page135. For cases deriving from original /p/, also see page 134.
158. ^Most later vowels found in Coptic are probably epenthetic, not preservations of earlier Egyptian vowels; seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[116], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page183.
159. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[117], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page252
160. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[118], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251–252
161. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[119], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages256, 260
162. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[120], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page256
163. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[121], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page256
164. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[122], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page257
165. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[123], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page160
166. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[124], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page160
167. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[125], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages165–166
168. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[126], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages166–167
169. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[127], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages166–167
170. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[128], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page167
171. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[129], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages165–168
172. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[130], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page105
173. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[131], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages136–137
174. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[132], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page119: “If Edel’s (1980: 24f.) identification of the Neo-Babylonian cuneiform transcriptionqa-aḫ-sa-mu-nu with the Egyptian proper nameḫꜣꜥ-s.t-imn is correct, the sound change would already have taken place by the 6th century BC.”
175. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[133], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages118–119
176. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[134], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages253–254, 256
177. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page44
178. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[135], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages104, 236, 238
179. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages44–45
180. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[136], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page121:

     Loan words from Semitic which were adopted with velar stops during the New Kingdom usually appear with palatals in Coptic. Even some more recent loan words are affected […] The transcriptions into Semitic scripts from the 1st millennium BC (as well as earlier) do not show any sign of palatalization […] The first indications of palatalization are found in Greek transcriptions […] Therefore Albright (1946b: 317) is probably right in attributing this palatalization to a time not prior to the 4th century BC.

181. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[137], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages108–111, 114, 120–121
182. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[138], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages108, 111–112, 114, 120–121
183. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[139], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages108, 114, 120–122
184. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[140], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 110, 161–162
185. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[141], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 161–162
186. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[142], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page114
187. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[143], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages117–118:

     The Greek renderings already agree with the Coptic stage and transcribe ⟨ḫ⟩ sometimes as χ ~ κ, sometimes as σ for [ʃ], but ⟨ẖ⟩ consistently as χ ~ κ. There is not yet a trace of palatalization of ⟨ḫ⟩ in the Aramaic (e.g.mḥjr for the name of the 6th Egyptian month) and cuneiform transcriptions of the mid 1st millennium.

188. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[144], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages115, 117–118
189. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
190. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[145], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages117–118, 123:

     The Greek renderings already agree with the Coptic stage and transcribe ⟨ḫ⟩ sometimes as χ ~ κ, sometimes as σ for [ʃ], but ⟨ẖ⟩ consistently as χ ~ κ. There is not yet a trace of palatalization of ⟨ḫ⟩ in the Aramaic (e.g.mḥjr for the name of the 6th Egyptian month) and cuneiform transcriptions of the mid 1st millennium. […] The velar fricative ⟨ḫ⟩ seems to have been palatalised at approximately the same time as the velar stops.

191. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[146], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages115, 117–118, 123
192. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
193. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[147], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages115, 117–118
194. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
195. ^The changes must precede the merger of /ç/ and /ʃ/, but still be operational following the change of /χ/ to /ç/, and according to Peust they can occasionally be observed in Demotic; seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[148], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page169: “The palatalization ofs can occasionally already be observed in Demotic (cf. Sethe 1899–1902: I, § 272; Osing 1976a: note 511 on p. 586-588).”
196. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[149], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page168
197. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[150], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page168
198. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[151], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page168
199. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[152], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page169
200. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[153], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page169
201. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[154], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page158
202. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[155], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page158
203. ^The change of final schwa to /i/ is already attested in the Greek–Egyptian Demotic glossary found in Papyrus Heid. inv. G. 414 verso, dated to c. 250BCE; see Quecke, Hans (1997)“Eine griechish-ägyptische Wörterliste vermutlich des 3. Jh. v. Chr. (P. Heid. Inv.-Nr. G 414)” inZeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, volume 116, pages 67–80.
204. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[156], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages253–254
205. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[157], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages151, 258
206. ^Already attested in the Archive of Totoes in the name of Zmanres (fromwsr-mꜣꜥt-rꜥ).
207. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[158], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages248–249
208. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[159], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages84, 158
209. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[160], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages84, 87, 114
210. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[161], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page256
211. ^Blasco Torres, Ana Isabel (2017),Representing Foreign Sounds: Greek Transcriptions of Egyptian Anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD, Leuven, Salamanca, page660: “Fayumic lambdacism seems consequently to originate in the first century AD and develop between the second and the fourth centuries AD.”
212. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[162], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages127, 130–131
213. ^Blasco Torres, Ana Isabel (2017),Representing Foreign Sounds: Greek Transcriptions of Egyptian Anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD, Leuven, Salamanca, pages614–615:

     The chronology of the elements reflecting the dialectal diaglossa/o (cf.ḫt) and the lambdacism in anthroponyms in transcription show that there is no solid evidence for the Fayumic dialect before the first century AD. In the Ptolemaic period only theo variants are generally found, as in Sahidic and Bohairic, the two dialects spoken around the Fayum. In the first century AD, Fayumic starts to emerge and seems to develop in the second and third centuries AD. The variants with α for the terms containing the diaglossa/o are consequently improbable for the Ptolemaic period in the Fayum.

214. ^For the results, without, however, mentioning this particular sound change, seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[163], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page211.
215. ^Blasco Torres, Ana Isabel (2017),Representing Foreign Sounds: Greek Transcriptions of Egyptian Anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD, Leuven, Salamanca, pages614–615
216. ^For the results, without, however, mentioning this particular sound change, seePeust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[164], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page211.
217. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[165], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page99: “In Roman Demotic and contemporary hieroglyphic texts, graphical confusion arises between ⟨h⟩ and ⟨ḥ⟩, which indicates that a phonetic merger had taken place by that time.”
218. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[166], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page99
219. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
220. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[167], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page87
221. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[168], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page243
222. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[169], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page243
223. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[170], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page91
224. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[171], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page91
225. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[172], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page170
226. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[173], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page249
227. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[174], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages170–171
228. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[175], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages170–171
229. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[176], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages171–172
230. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[177], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page172
231. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[178], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page172
232. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[179], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages251, 255
233. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[180], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 104:

     In Roman Demotic and contemporary hieroglyphic texts, graphical confusion arises between ⟨h⟩ and ⟨ḥ⟩, which indicates that a phonetic merger had taken place by that time. [… Regarding ⟨ꜥ⟩:] This sound was lost around the turn of the era, contemporaneously with its presumable voiceless counterpart ⟨ḥ⟩.

234. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[181], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 102–103
235. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages41, 46
236. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[182], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages99, 102–103
237. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[183], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages216–217
238. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page247
239. ^Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “Dialectical Variation of the Egyptian-Coptic Language in the Course of Its Four Millennia of Attested History” inJournal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 9, page 44, 50
240. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[184], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page115
241. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
242. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[185], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages115, 118
243. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page41
244. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[186], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages114, 120–121
245. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[187], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page114
246. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[188], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages190, 193
247. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[189], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages190, 193
248. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[190], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages190, 193
249. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[191], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages223, 228–230
250. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[192], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages223, 228–230
251. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[193], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages223, 228–230
252. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[194], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page91: “[…] approximately around 1300/1400AD […]”
253. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[195], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages91–95
254. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[196], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages91–95
255. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[197], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages91–95
256. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[198], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages91–95
257. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[199], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page91
258. ^Peust, Carsten (1999),Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[200], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages91–95
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