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[capital letter]

1. Single capital letter (either by itself, or as a combination of capital letters that can be used by themselves):
   1. In lists, followed by a period, right parenthesis, dash, etc.

      A. Go to the store.B. Get some food.C. Return home.D. Eat.

      A) Go to the store.B) Get some food.C) Return home.D) Eat.

      A – Go to the store.B – Get some food.C – Return home.D – Eat.

   2. In numeral systems with abase greater than ten, alphabetic letters are used as additional digits.

      Hexadecimal:A = 10,B = 11,AA = 170, etc.

   3. Some symbols are composed of a single capital letter.
      1. Symbols of some units ofmeasurement.

         C = coulomb,B = byte

      2. The prefix symbols for multiples ofSI units 10⁶ (mega) and above.

         M = mega,G = giga,P = peta, etc.

   4. (biology) Inblood types (A, B, AB, O).
   5. Often used inRoman numerals; other times they are written inlowercase letters.

      I = 1,II = 2, ...,V = 5

   6. (card games) Used in abbreviations of names ofplaying cards.

      A = ace,K = king,Q = queen,J = jack,T = ten

   7. (chess) Used in abbreviations of names ofchess pieces.

      K = king,Q = queen, etc.

      K = König,D = Dame, etc. ―K = king,Q = queen, etc.

2. First-letter capitalization:
   1. Inproper nouns, including:
      1. Innames,surnames andnicknames.
      2. In names ofplaces:countries,cities, etc.
      3. In names oflandforms and parts of theecosystem:mountains (Mount Fuji),forests (Amazon Forest), etc.
      4. In names ofplanets,stars,constellations, etc.
      5. In names ofbrands,companies andproducts.
      6. In names oforganizations, musicalbands and politicalparties.
      7. Intitles oftexts,books,movies,musics, etc.
      8. In titles ofsoftware, includingvideo games.
   2. In the names of sometrademarked products and somegenericized trademarks.

      aKleenex, aMercedes, aNintendo

   3. In addition toproper nouns, in some languages also incommon nouns.

      GermanBier, LuxembourgishBéier, Low GermanBeer,Bier,Beier, Saterland FrisianBjoor(“beer”)

   4. At the beginning of a sentence.

      The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

   5. At the beginning of quoted speech.

      We all said “No, don’t do that.”

   6. In names, pronouns and (sometimes) adjectives that refer to God.

      I love theLord forHe isGreat andHoly.

   7. (archaic) In words that are deemed to be important, especially in religious contexts or for abstract concepts.

      The greatestVice isPride, for it is thence that allSin springs forth.

      TheParsonage was situated in the countryside, half a league from theTown.

   8. In taxonomic names.

      Homo sapiens

   9. In some symbols, abbreviations andacronyms.
      1. Acronyms include:Nato,Wysiwyg.
      2. (biology) Symbols and abbreviations ofnucleobases consist of one or more letters from the Latin alphabet with the first letter capitalised.

         A = adenine,G = guanine;orAde = adenine,Gua = guanine

      3. (chemistry) Symbols of chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet with the first letter capitalised.

         O = oxygen,H = hydrogen;He = helium,Na = sodium, etc.

   10. (law) To denote that a term is adefined term.

       In this contract,ServiceMedia means all such pipes, cables and other media laid by theCompany for the purpose of[…]

3. All-caps:
   1. As a style choice.

      “POLICE” was written outside the police station.

   2. Sometimes used inheadings,titles, and the first fewletters orwords of ablock oftext to set them off from the textbody.
   3. Used in manyabbreviations andinitialisms. (USA, etc.)
   4. Indicates that a person isshouting.

      I HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY!!!

   5. Used foremphasis.

      I need that reportRIGHT NOW!

      • 2025 August 17, Andrew Mangan, “Thank you for your attention to Trump’s weird new tic”, inDaily Kos‎^[1] (in English):

        “The Wall Street Journal printed aFAKE letter, supposedly to Epstein. These are not my words, not the way I talk. Also, I don’t draw pictures. I told Rupert Murdoch it was a Scam, that he shouldn’t print this Fake Story. But he did, and now I’m going to sue his ass off, and that of his third rate newspaper,” he posted on July 17. “Thank you for your attention to this matter! DJT.”

   6. Used in videosubtitles, usually betweensquare brackets orparentheses, to indicatecomments or to provideexplanations of sounds fordeaf people.

      I have a question: would it be an exception if [INAUDIBLE]?

      [CAR WHIRRING] The car won't start!

   7. Used in Bibles to indicate translations of theTetragrammaton

      Und derHERR sprach zu Mose

      And theLORD said unto Moses

   8. Used to indicate which part of the name is the family name, particularly in international organizations.

      DonaldTRUMP metXI Jinping

   9. (crosswording) Used to distinguish answers andfodder in commentary.

      The answer isORCHESTRA which is an anagram ofCARTHORSE.

4. Camel case:
   1. In some brand names:

      iPhone;BlackBerry;PowerPoint presentation

   2. (programming) Optionally to indicate word breaks in thevariables in someprogramming languages, often starting with alowercase letter.

      Use the variables “startDate” and “endDate”.

   3. (chemistry) In chemical formulae, the elements put together often form a camel case result, such asNaCl.

      NaCl = sodium chloride

   4. In some abbreviations for units of measurement, formed with lowercase prefix + uppercase unit:

      kA = kiloampere

   5. InpH andpOH.
5. Alternating caps:
   1. Indicates amocking tone.

      yOuR oPiNiOnIsWrOnG,RiGhT?

Here are the capital letters in the Latin script:

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

EnglishWikipedia has an article on:

Capitalization

Wikipedia

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. Used in the word "I" and contractions:I'll,I'm, etc.
   2. Used in a number ofhonorifics:Mr.,Dr.,Mrs., etc.
   3. Used in adjectives derived from proper nouns:Canadian,Dickensian, etc.
   4. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to large established groupings of people:
      1. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to nations and countries and their citizens:

         Romani,Desi,Spaniard,Turk

      2. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to states, regions, and cities and their inhabitants:

         Sooner,Geordie,Cockney

      3. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to languages and their speakers:

         Mandarin,Anglophone,Esperanto

      4. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to political parties and their members (especially when distinguished from people who hold similarly named views but aren’t affiliated with a party):

         Tory,Green,Liberal

         (comparesmall-l liberal)

      5. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to other organizations and their members:

         Mason,Wobbly,Googler

      6. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to religions and their adherents:

         Mormon,Catholic,Moonie

   5. Used in days of the week and months.

      Monday,December

   6. Used in words derived from nouns and adjectives that start with a capital letter.

      Americanize,Britishly

   7. Used in the first word and all other words exceptarticles and mostconjunctions in titles:

      TheLord of theRings;AView to aKill;Pride andPrejudice

   8. Used in ornithology in the names of birds – outside ornithology, these are usually lower case except for when the species name includes a word always written with a capital letter:

      GreatTit (normallygreat tit);EuropeanGoldfinch (normallyEuropean goldfinch)

   9. (informal) Used toemphasize a word as being moremeaningful orspecific than its typicalgeneric usage.
      • 2017, Emmy J. Favilla,A World Without "Whom": The Essential Guide to Language in the BuzzFeed Age, London […]:Bloomsbury,→ISBN,page120:

        Her body, skin, face, and hair all look effortless and natural—theCoolGirl doesn’t even know what an elliptical machine would look like—and wears a uniform of jeans and tank tops, because trying hard isn’tCool.[…] The capitalization of the term serves to pseudo-brandCoolGirl as something precise outside of the generic, a thing for which no other term currently exists.

   10. (archaic) Used in all or some nouns.[c. 1650–1750]
       • 1670,John Milton, “The[First] Book”, inThe History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. […], London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for James Allestry, […] ,→OCLC,page24:

         HoweverBelinus after a while returning home, the reſt of his daies rul’d inPeace,Wealth, andHonour above all hisPredeceſſors; building ſomCities, of which one wasCaeroſe uponOſca, ſinceCaerlegion; beautifying others, asTrinovant with aGate, aHav’n, and aTowr, on the Thames, retaining yet his name; on the top wherof hisAshes are ſaid to have bin laid up in aGoldenUrne.

       • 1689 (indicated as1690), [John Locke],An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […],→OCLC, book II,page99:

         This, I think, to be the reaſon why ſomeAmericans I have ſpoken with, (who were otherwiſe of quick and rationalParts enough,) could not, as we do, by any means count to 1000 nor had any diſtinctIdea of thatNumber, though they could reckon very well to 20.

       • 1704,I[saac] N[ewton], “[The First Book of Opticks. Part I.] ”, inOpticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to theRoyal Society, […],→OCLC,page 1:

         MYDeſign in thisBook is not to explain theProperties ofLight byHypotheſes, but to propoſe and prove them byReaſon andExperiments: In order to which, I ſhall premiſe the followingDefinitions andAxioms.

       • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe],The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […],→OCLC,page16:

         We parted ſoon after; for I made him littleAnſwer, and I ſaw him no more; which way he went, I know not.

       • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Author Gives Some Account of Himself and Family, His First Inducements to Travel. […]”, inTravels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […],→OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput),page 4:

         The laſt of theſeVoyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of theSea, and intended to ſtay at home with myWife andFamily.

2. All-caps:
   1. Used to indicate astressedsyllable in certainpronunciation respelling systems.

      penicillin [pen-i-SILL-in]

[capital letter]

1. first-letter capitalization:
   1. (obsolete)used in days of the week and months
   2. used in some adjectives and nouns pertaining to nations and countries and their citizens

      Nederlander,Nederlands,Europeaan,Eskimo, maarindiaan ―Dutch, Dutch, European, Eskimo, but American Indian

   3. used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to cities and their inhabitants

      Amsterdammer,Amsterdams ―Amsterdamer, (of, from or relating to Amsterdam)

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. In titles, "important words":
      1. The first word is always capitalized.

         À la recherche du temps perdu

         In Search of Lost Time

      2. Nouns which stand alone without articles or determiners.

         Orgueil etPréjugés

         Pride and Prejudice

      3. The first noun, when this is at the very beginning of the title and is preceded by a definite article.

         LeSeigneur des anneaux; L'Internationale

         The Lord of the Rings; The International

      4. Other nouns with definite articles linked to the initial noun byet

         LeLion, laSorcière blanche et l'Armoire magique; LaBelle et laBête

         The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Beauty and the Beast

      5. Prenominal adjectives attached to capitalized nouns.

         LePetit Prince; LesDeux Tours

         The Little Prince; The Two Towers

      6. Proper nouns and other nouns that are always capitalized in French.

         Voyage au centre de laTerre

         Journey to the Centre of the Earth

• According to theAcadémie Française, in standard usage, accents arenot optional on capital letters (e.g.état vs.État;André vs.ANDRÉ)^[1]; however, they are often omitted, a practice carried over from the typewriter era.Cedillas are generally retained (e.g.FAÇADE rather thanFACADE).

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. In addition toproper nouns,common nouns, too, have the first letter capitalized.
   2. In fixed expressions adjectives have the first letter capitalized.

      Blauer Planet,Schwarzes Brett,Weißes Haus

      Blue Planet (Earth), bulletin board, White House

   3. Nominalized adjectives are usually capitalized.

      (et)wasGutes, dieSchöne

      something good, the beautiful

   4. The pronounsDu (Deiner, Dir, Dich) andDein can have the first letter capitalized when addressing someone in writing; this practice was deprecated in the 1996 spelling reform, but later partly undone, namely in case of letters.
   5. Capitalization distinguishes the polite second person formSie,Ihnen,Ihr etc. from the third person pluralsie,ihnen,ihr.
   6. Pronouns used in a majestic plural ("royal we":Wir) have the first letter capitalized.
   7. In modern spellings as prescribed by Duden, third person singular pronouns are capitalized in direct addresses and imperatives.
   8. (archaic) adjectives denoting a country or people once sometimes had the first letter capitalized.
2. First- and second-letter capitalization:
   1. (archaic) In names and nouns referring to God.

      JEsus,GOtt

      Jesus, God

[capital letter]

1. Sometimes used when transcribingkatakana.

   チーズを食べる

   CHĪZU o taberu (eat cheese)

2. Sometimes used when transcribingon'yomi readings of akanji, as opposed tokun'yomi readings written in lowercase.

   人

   (readings:JIN,NIN, hito)

3. Sometimes used in romanizations of Japanese names to indicate which part is the family name.

   山田太郎

   YAMADA Taro

[capital letter]

1. (Ancient Latin) Only capital letters are used.
2. (New Latin) In addition toproper nouns, sometimescommon nouns, too, have the first letter capitalized.

[capital letter]

1. Used to mark stress.

[capital letter]

1. In addition toproper nouns,common nouns, too, have the first letter capitalized.

[capital letter]

1. first-letter capitalization:
   1. in titles, the first word is always capitalized

• Ortografía de la lengua español, chapter IV ("El use de las letras mayúsculas y minúsculas") from theReal Academia Española with theAssociation of Spanish Language Academies, first edition, 2010,→ISBN, pages 442–519

[capital letter]

1. First-letter capitalization:
   1. Used in proper nouns used as adjectives:Việt Nam,châu Á, etc.
   2. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to large established groupings of people:
      1. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to nations and countries and their citizens:

         người Việt Nam,người Hoa Kỳ

         Vietnamese, American

      2. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to states, regions and cities and their inhabitants:

         người Quảng,người Bắc

         Cantonese, Northerner

      3. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to ethnic groups:

         người Việt,người Thái

         Vietnamese, Thai

      4. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to languages and their speakers:

         tiếng Việt,tiếng Anh,Quốc tế ngữ

         Vietnamese, English, Esperanto

      5. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to political parties and their members (especially when distinguished from people who hold similar views but aren't affiliated with a party):

         Cộng sản,Cộng hòa,Dân chủ

         Communist, Republican, Democratic

      6. Used in adjectives and nouns pertaining to religions and their adherents:

         Phật giáo,Công giáo,Tin Lành

         Buddhist, Catholic, Protestant

   3. Used in days of the week (Chủ nhật,thứ Hai) and months (tháng Mười).
   4. Used in theCan Chi(干支) (sexagenary cycle) days and years of the lunisolar calendar.

      Giáp Tý(甲子),Ất Sửu(乙丑),Bính Dần(丙寅)

      Yang Wood Rat, Yin Wood Ox, Yang Fire Tiger

   5. Used in words derived from nouns and adjectives that start with a capital letter.

      Việt hóa,Việt Cộng

      Vietnamization, Vietcong

   6. Used in the first word of a sentence or of quoted speech.

      Anh hỏi, "Tại sao em vẫn còn ở đây?"

      He asked, "Why are you still here?"

   7. Used in the first word and the first syllable of all othernouns in names of organizations:

      TrườngTrung học phổ thông chuyênKhoa họcTự nhiên

      High School for Gifted Students of the Natural Sciences

   8. Used in the first word and the first syllable of all other words exceptclassifiers and mostconjunctions in titles:

      Từ điểnBách khoaQuân sựViệt Nam

      Vietnam Military Encyclopedia

   9. (dated) Used in the first word and all other words exceptclassifiers and mostconjunctions in titles.
   10. (obsolete) Used in all words in titles.
   11. (biology) Used in the names of taxonomic ranks abovespecies:

       chiHươu cao cổ

       Giraffa

• Quy định tạm thời về viết hoa tên riêng trong sách giáo khoa[Temporary rules for capitalizing proper names in textbooks]‎^[2] (in Vietnamese), Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training, 13 March 2003

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