Learned borrowing fromLatin-us.

-us m

1. (taxonomy)Used to form taxonomic names.

• IPA^(key): /us/

-us (Kana spellingウㇱ)

1. -y,-ful,-ous,-ose

   (An adjective-forming suffix meaning ‘full of’ or ‘characterized by’ something; often conveys abundance or a plentiful amount of the base noun.)

   ‎kemuna(“hair, fur”) + ‎-us → ‎kemunaus(“hairy, fluffy”)

   ‎upas(“snow”) + ‎-us → ‎upasus(“snowy”)

   ‎turu(“filth, dirty”) + ‎-us → ‎turuus(“horrendous, disgusting”)

Antonym:-po

FromMiddle Cornish-us, fromOld Cornish-us, fromProto-Brythonic*-ʉs, fromLatin-ōsus. Cognate withBreton andWelsh-us.

-us

1. Forms adjectives;-ous,-ful,-y,-ive etc.

   ‎peryl(“danger”) + ‎-us → ‎peryllus(“dangerous”)

   ‎liw(“colour”) + ‎-us → ‎liwus(“colourful”)

The Esperanto suffixes-as,-is,-os, and-us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's:-as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765;-a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's-as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had-am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as-um corresponds to Z's-us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, theu of-us is likely to be related to-u.

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-us

1. Ending of theconditional in verbs.

A merger ofProto-Finnic*-us (in the first sense) andProto-Finnic*-uc (in the second sense). Cognate withFinnish-us.

-us (genitive-use,partitive-ust)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   armastama "to love" →armastus "love"

   võistlema "to compete" →võistlus "competition"

   joonistama "to draw" →joonistus "a drawing"

2. Derives nouns from adjectives.

   aus "honest" →ausus "honesty"

   pikk "long" →pikkus "length"

FromProto-Finnic*-us, partly equivalent to-u +‎-s, and partly generalized from-s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g.ihastua →ihastus,menestyä →menestys).^[1] Compare-os.

-us (front vowel harmony variant-ys,linguistic notation-Us)

1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action, event or a result of that action.

   ‎kuvata(“to describe”) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus(“description”)

   ‎pakata(“to pack”) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus(“package”)

   ‎ylentää(“to promote”) + ‎-us → ‎ylennys(“promotion”)

   ‎hälyttää(“to alarm”) + ‎-us → ‎hälytys(“alarm”)

• With-ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final-ht- may disappear entirely (through*-AhdUs >*-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) >*-AUs). This has led to-AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with-AhdUs and one with-AUs, exist in parallel.

• -tus(used with the verb typesrohkaista (66) andvalita (69))

• -mus(used with the verb typessallia (61), and in some cases,sanoa (52) andmuistaa (53))

FromProto-Finnic*-us. Probably generalized from-s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g.etu- →edus,palvelu →palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g.keski- → dial.kesku- →keskus), and thus identical to-us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with-uus,-us (etymology 3). Alternatively fromProto-Uralic*-wikse.

-us (front vowel harmony variant-ys,linguistic notation-Us)

1. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.

   ‎kanta(“base, heel”) + ‎-us → ‎kannus(“spur”)

   ‎sormi(“finger”) + ‎-us → ‎sormus(“ring”)

   ‎vasta-(“counter-”) + ‎-us → ‎vastus(“resistance, opposition”)

   ‎kehä(“circle, ring”) + ‎-us → ‎kehys(“frame”)

   ‎syli(“bosom, lap”) + ‎-us → ‎sylys(“armful”)

   ‎typerä(“stupid”) + ‎-us → ‎typerys(“fool”)

See the etymology of-uus.

-us (front vowel harmony variant-ys,linguistic notation-Us)

1. alternative form of-uus(used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel)

• su

From-u(diminutive suffix) +‎-s(diminutive suffix).^[1]

• IPA^(key): [uʃ]

-us

1. (diminutive suffix)Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.

   Teréz(“Theresa”) →Terus(“Tess”)

   apa(“father”) →apus(“dad”)

   cica(“cat”) →cicus(“kitty”)

   kutya(“dog”) →kutyus(“pooch, puppy”)

2. A distinguishable foreign word ending innouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.

   agronómus(“agronomist”)

• (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in-a. Other examples:Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The-ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after-us to further increase the degree of endearment:apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.