By analogy with-us derivatives of verbs ending in-ttaa and-staa, which are plenty.

-tus (front vowel harmony variant-tys,linguistic notation-tUs)

1. alternative form of-us(forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event)

This variant of the suffix is used when the verb belongs to the conjugation classes:

• 66 (rohkaista); the stem for the verb will be the consonant stem ending in-s-
• 69 (valita); the stem for the verb will be the part prior to the final-ts-

-tus

1. romanization of-𐍄𐌿𐍃

FromProto-Italic*-tos, fromProto-Indo-European*-tós(suffix creating verbal adjectives).

CompareProto-Slavic*-tъ,Proto-Germanic*-þaz, *-daz, *-taz.

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key): [ˈtʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): [ˈt̪us]

-tus (feminine-ta,neuter-tum);first/second-declension suffix

2. Forms the past participle of verbs.
4. Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".

   iūs(“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) →iūstus(“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)

   onus(“a burdenor load,especially one excessive in magnitude”) →onustus(“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”)

Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:

• Stem-finalb andg are regularly devoiced top andc respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed byg, this vowel is usually lengthened (due toLachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high voweli, as incōnstrictus fromcōnstringō orfictus fromfingō).

  ‎agō(“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus

  ‎scrībō(“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus

• Stem-finalqu is delabialised, givingc. Likewise, stem-finalngu is delabialized tonc.

  ‎coquō(“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus

  ‎exstinguō(“extinguish”) + ‎-tus → ‎exstīnctus

• Stem-finalv either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthongau in the case of-av-, or the long vowelsō andū in the case of-ov- and-uv-/-u-) or is replaced withc. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants*w and*gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as-v-. However, Latinc in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic*gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution ofc.

  ‎caveō(“beware”) + ‎-tus → ‎cautus

  ‎voveō(“vow”) + ‎-tus → ‎vōtus

  ‎iuvō(“aid”) + ‎-tus → ‎iūtus

  ‎vīvō(“live”) + ‎-tus → ‎vīctus

  ‎solvō(“untie, set free, separate”) + ‎-tus → ‎solūtus

• Stem-finald ort fuses with thet of the suffix, giving-ssus. This is simplified to-sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly tog-final stems,d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.

  ‎cadō(“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

• For various reasons (including historical sound changes and analogy, often with perfect stems), some verbs with stems not ending ind ort also use the allomorph-sus.
  • Stem-finalrg gives-rsus.

    ‎mergō(“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus

    ‎tergeō(“rub, cleanse”) + ‎-tus → ‎tersus

  • Stem finalll andrr sometimes give-lsus and-rsus respectively.

    ‎currō(“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus

• When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be retained unchanged, replaced by short-i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes shorti for many 2nd conjugation verbs:

1. ‎errō (errā-)(“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus
2. ‎audiō (audī-)(“hear”) + ‎-tus → ‎audītus
3. ‎moneō (monē-)(“advise, remind”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus
4. ‎augeō (augē-)(“increase”) + ‎-tus → ‎auctus

Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications. There are some adjectives ending in-stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such asonustus,scelestus, but otherwise, the suffix is rarely attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in-tus from nouns contain a long vowel before the-t-. In some cases, this may originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example,barbātus frombarba,aurītus fromauris,^[1]cornūtus fromcornu-). However, eventually these vowels were reanalyzed as part of the suffix; see-ātus,-ītus,-ūtus.

First/second-declension adjective.

FromProto-Italic*-tus, fromProto-Indo-European*-tus(suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).Cognate withSanskrit-तुम्(-tum),Proto-Germanic*-þuz,Ancient Greek-τύς(-tús),Proto-Slavic*-tъ.

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key): [ˈtʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): [ˈt̪us]

-tus m (genitive-tūs);fourth declension

2. Formsaction nouns from verbs.

   ‎cadō + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

   ‎habeō(“to have, possess, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus(“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)

   ‎sūmō(“to spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sūmptus(“expenditure”)

The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see-sus.

Fourth-declension noun.

FromProto-Indo-European*-tuHts(abstract-noun forming suffix). CompareProto-Celtic*-tūss,Gothic-𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃(-dūþs). See-tās.

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key): [ˈtuːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): [ˈt̪us]

-tūs f (genitive-tūtis);third declension

2. Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.

   iuvenis(“young, a young man”) →iuventūs(“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)

   senex(“an old man”) →senectūs(“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”)

Third-declension noun.

FromProto-Italic*-tos, fromProto-Indo-European*-tos. CompareAncient Greek-τός(-tós), found in the adverbἐντός(entós,“within”), andSanskrit-तस्(-tas), found as an ablatival ending inअतस्(átas),अग्रतस्(agratás).^[2]

• -itus

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key): [tʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): [t̪us]

-tus (notcomparable)

2. -ly;used to formadverbs.

• (-ly):-ē,-ter,-ō

• “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of theOxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of theOxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of theOxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

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