E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985)An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London,→ISBN, page228
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015)L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
The derivatives belong to the conjugation types73,74 and75. The only differences between these three types are the conditional forms, with 74 being a superset of 73 and 75 (allowing both forms of conditional stems). Stems ending in-a are always type 73, while other vowels result in 74 and 75 (with no clear regular pattern; colloquially all of these, except for those with stems ending in-i- likeselvitä, are often inflected as if they were in class 74).
Triggers consonant gradation in the root, if applicable.
Used mainly on bisyllabic vowel-stem nouns. For monosyllabic and consonant-stem nouns,-taa is more common.
A final-i- in the stem-ta is attached to usually becomes-e-.
The derivatives belong to the conjugation types74,75 and rarely73. The only differences between these three types are the conditional forms, with 74 being a superset of 73 and 75 (allowing both forms of conditional stems). Stems ending in-a are always type 73, while other vowels result in 74 and 75 (with no clear regular pattern; colloquially all of these, except for those with stems ending in-i-, are often inflected as if they were in class 74).
Triggers consonant gradation in the root, if applicable.
A final-i- in the stem-ta is attached to usually becomes-e-.
Largely conflated with etymology 1, as they have fallen together in form.
a vihar okozta kár ―the damage caused by the storm (literally, “storm-caused damage”)
(noun-forming suffix)Forms nouns from certain verbs (cf.-ás), incorporating the third-person singular possessive suffix (-a), which can be replaced by other personal possessive suffixes.
Simonyi, Zsigmond.Isten-adta (“God-given”). In:Magyar Nyelvőr (“Hungarian Language Guardian”), vol. XXXVI (1907), pp. 16–35 in the offprint (issue 5, May 15 in theoriginal, pp. 193–205, 264–271).
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme: there is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctivesisu orisuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Ashton, E. O. (1944)Swahili Grammar (including Intonation), London: Longmans, Green & Co, pages237–238.
Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. (2002) “Verbal extensions in Bantu (the case of Swahili and Nyamwezi)”, inAfrica & Asia[2], volume 2,→ISSN, archived fromthe original on2009-12-11, section 3.6, page 16 of 4-26.
Cognates are found in many otherCariban languages, where they are usually restricted to use with or in place of an imperative marker cognate to-kö. The Ye'kwana suffix thus shows a broadened scope of use.
This suffix immediately precedes the verb’s tense/aspect/mood markers (and so is distinguished from the certain future suffix above). In most cases, it can only appear with one of the three modal markers-kö(imperative),-iye(jussive), and-'ñojo(rogative); however, when used in the imperative singular, it takes the place of the suffix-kö instead of appearing alongside it.
In the plural this suffix takes the form-tanexcept in the third person, where it does not change. That is, it takes the form-tan when followed by plural-tö.
