Perhaps from a special use of the interjectionO oh o ( “ one ” ) , fromMiddle English o oo a on oon an ( “ one ” ) . Seeone -y
-o (noun-forming suffix ,plural -os or -oes -o (adjective-forming suffix ,comparative more-o ,superlative most-o )
Acolloquializing suffix ,typically appended tonames ,abbreviations oflong words , orsubstantive uses ofadjectives . kid -o → kiddo ugly -o → uggo 1991 Stephen Fry , chapter III, inThe Liar William Heinemann ,→ISBN page26 :Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’
-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as withcheapo Jacko clipped orelided forms of longer words, as withambo parmo uggo doggo weirdo ( “ weird person ” ) , or to nouns usedmetonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as withwino ( “ poor or vagrant alcoholic ” ) . Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as withbucko neato rego registration nasho national service
Its meaning is very similar to some uses of-y -y randy rando journey journo whiny wino
From manySpanish Italian o . This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from-um
-o
( humorous ) Converts certain words tofaux Italian or Spanish. Can be used withSpanish el el stinko .no problemo
Rebracketing oftypo
-o (noun-forming suffix ,plural -os
Added toverb stems to create anoun describing anerror relating to the action described by the verb. -ó
Used to formfeminine nouns fromverbs . Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015 ),L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie) [1] (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-ó
Creates a second-person singular activeimperative verb form from a non-verb. áfër ( “ close, nearby ” ,adverb/preposition ) + -o → afró ! ( “ bring closer ” ) báraz ( “ equal ” ,adverb ) + -o → barazó ! ( “ eqalize! ” ) kráhas ( “ arm in arm, side by side ” ,adverb/preposition ) + -o → krahasó ! ( “ compare! ” ) pástër ( “ clean ” ,adjective/adverb ) + -o → pastró ! ( “ cleanse ” ) zhúrmë ( “ noise ” ,noun ) + -o → zhurmó ! ( “ make a noise, scream! ” ) -o
alternative form ofo (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-o
-o ( suffix forming colloquial nouns, generally referring to persons ) Brabant ( “ Brabant (province) ” ) + -o → Brabo ( “ person from Brabant ” ) positief ( “ positive ” ) + -o → positivo ( “ person with a positive disposition ” ) [1] Common to the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico окно ( okno ) ), and the vowel of the Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which Greek and Esperanto plural -oj is also derived. [2] Perhaps from [1]; cf. Italianquello то ( to ) 'then' IPA (key ) : /-o/ Rhymes:-o Syllabification:-o -o
Nominal suffix. Most Esperantonouns end in-o . (A few nouns end in-aŭ -a -thing. (correlative ending.) Conflated:
-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö linguistic notation -O )
Forms result or action nouns from verbs. huutaa ( “ shout ” ) + -o → huuto ( “ shout ” ) keittää ( “ boil, cook ” ) + -o → keitto ( “ cooking; soup ” ) nähdä ( “ see ” ) + -o → näkö ( “ vision ” ) ( ability to see ) Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots. hilla ( “ cloudberry ” ) + -o → hillo ( “ jam ” ) lehti ( “ leaf ” ) + -o → lehto ( “ grove ” ) tasa ( “ level ” ) + -o → taso ( “ plane ” ) Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with-aa or-ää . Somewhat unusually, in words with few syllables, the front-vowel form-ö is used only with stems that contain what is considered a front vowel under harmony, i.e.-ä- ,-ö- or-y- ; if it only contains neutral vowels (e ,i ), the back-vocalic form-o is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default. However, polysyllabic words containing only neutral vowels (e ,i ) still tend to use-ö . Inflection of-o (Kotus type 1/valo nominative -o -ot genitive -on -ojen partitive -oa -oja illative -oon -oihin singular plural nominative -o -ot accusative nom. -o -ot gen. -on genitive -on -ojen partitive -oa -oja inessive -ossa -oissa elative -osta -oista illative -oon -oihin adessive -olla -oilla ablative -olta -oilta allative -olle -oille essive -ona -oina translative -oksi -oiksi abessive -otta -oitta instructive — -oin comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-o (Kotus type 1/valo first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -oni -oni accusative nom. -oni -oni gen. -oni genitive -oni -ojeni partitive -oani -ojani inessive -ossani -oissani elative -ostani -oistani illative -ooni -oihini adessive -ollani -oillani ablative -oltani -oiltani allative -olleni -oilleni essive -onani -oinani translative -okseni -oikseni abessive -ottani -oittani instructive — — comitative — -oineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -osi -osi accusative nom. -osi -osi gen. -osi genitive -osi -ojesi partitive -oasi -ojasi inessive -ossasi -oissasi elative -ostasi -oistasi illative -oosi -oihisi adessive -ollasi -oillasi ablative -oltasi -oiltasi allative -ollesi -oillesi essive -onasi -oinasi translative -oksesi -oiksesi abessive -ottasi -oittasi instructive — — comitative — -oinesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -omme -omme accusative nom. -omme -omme gen. -omme genitive -omme -ojemme partitive -oamme -ojamme inessive -ossamme -oissamme elative -ostamme -oistamme illative -oomme -oihimme adessive -ollamme -oillamme ablative -oltamme -oiltamme allative -ollemme -oillemme essive -onamme -oinamme translative -oksemme -oiksemme abessive -ottamme -oittamme instructive — — comitative — -oinemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -onne -onne accusative nom. -onne -onne gen. -onne genitive -onne -ojenne partitive -oanne -ojanne inessive -ossanne -oissanne elative -ostanne -oistanne illative -oonne -oihinne adessive -ollanne -oillanne ablative -oltanne -oiltanne allative -ollenne -oillenne essive -onanne -oinanne translative -oksenne -oiksenne abessive -ottanne -oittanne instructive — — comitative — -oinenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -onsa -onsa accusative nom. -onsa -onsa gen. -onsa genitive -onsa -ojensa partitive -oaan -oansa -ojaan -ojansa inessive -ossaan -ossansa -oissaan -oissansa elative -ostaan -ostansa -oistaan -oistansa illative -oonsa -oihinsa adessive -ollaan -ollansa -oillaan -oillansa ablative -oltaan -oltansa -oiltaan -oiltansa allative -olleen -ollensa -oilleen -oillensa essive -onaan -onansa -oinaan -oinansa translative -okseen -oksensa -oikseen -oiksensa abessive -ottaan -ottansa -oittaan -oittansa instructive — — comitative — -oineen -oinensa
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
-o
postpositive form ofo Analogically extended from various clippings with etymologicalo , such asvélo resto vélocipède restaurant -aud
-o m or f by sense or( for nouns referring to objects and sometimes to people ) m noun-forming suffix ,plural -os ( informal )
added to a clipped noun intell(igent) ( “ intelligent ” ) + -o → intello m or f by sense ( “ intellectual; nerd ” ) social(iste) ( “ socialist ” ) + -o → socialo m or f by sense ( “ socialist ” ) propri(etaire) ( “ landlord ” ) + -o → proprio m ( “ male landlord ” ) ( female equivalent ispropriote ) proj(ecteur) ( “ projector ” ) + -o → projo m ( “ projector ” ) dic(tionnaire) ( “ dictionary ” ) + -o → dico m ( “ dictionary ” ) -o (adjective-forming suffix ,plural -os -o (adjective-forming suffix ,feminine -ote masculine plural -os feminine plural -otes ( less commonly ) ( informal )
added to a clipped adjective dingue ( “ crazy, nuts ” ) ( slang ) + -o → dingo ( “ crazy, nuts; obsessed ” ) intell(igent) ( “ intelligent ” ) + -o → intello ( “ intellectual, highbrow ” ) règle ( “ rule ” ) + -o → réglo ( “ correct; stand-up, honest, loyal ” ) rigoler ( “ to laugh; to joke ” ) + -o → rigolo ( “ funny, comical ” ) ( femininerigolote ) (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-o
( inflectional suffix ) forms thelocative case -na ( “ forms dative ” ) -ko ( “ forms accusative ” ) -chi ( “ forms instrumental ” ) -ni ( “ forms genitive ” ) -o
romanization of-𐍉 FromEsperanto -o Romance
-o
Nominal suffix. All Idonouns end in-o .FromProto-Finnic *-o Finnish -o
-o (front vowel variant -ö
Used to formresult oraction nouns fromverbs . ( rare ) Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun. Declension of-o type 4/koivu ) singular plural nominative -o -ot genitive -on -oin -oloin partitive -oa -oja -oloja illative -oo -oi -oloihe inessive -os -ois -olois elative -ost -oist -oloist allative -olle -oille -oloille adessive -ol -oil -oloil ablative -olt -oilt -oloilt translative -oks -oiks -oloiks essive -onna -oon -oinna -oloinna -oin -oloin exessive1) -ont -oint -oloint 1) obsolete*) theaccusative corresponds with either thegenitive (sg nominative (pl **) thecomitative is formed by adding the suffix-ka ? -kä ? genitive .
FromProto-Finnic *-oi Finnish -o
-o (front vowel variant -ö
Used to formdiminutives . Declension of-o type 4/koivu ) singular plural nominative -o -ot genitive -on -oin -oloin partitive -oa -oja -oloja illative -oo -oi -oloihe inessive -os -ois -olois elative -ost -oist -oloist allative -olle -oille -oloille adessive -ol -oil -oloil ablative -olt -oilt -oloilt translative -oks -oiks -oloiks essive -onna -oon -oinna -oloinna -oin -oloin exessive1) -ont -oint -oloint 1) obsolete*) theaccusative corresponds with either thegenitive (sg nominative (pl **) thecomitative is formed by adding the suffix-ka ? -kä ? genitive .
Inherited fromLatin -um Proto-Indo-European *-os ( creates action nouns from verbs ) .
-o m noun-forming suffix ,plural -i
( productive ) used with a stem to form amasculine singular noun , usually adeverbal Synonym: -a (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-o (past participle-forming suffix ,feminine -a masculine plural -i feminine plural -e
( not productive ) used with a verb stem to form a past participle FromLatin -ō
-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix )
( productive ) used with a stem to form thefirst-person singular present of regularare ere -ire -isc- -o
indicates question and exclamation replacing the final vowel-u Mamasang libru → Mamasang libro ? Reading a book → Are you reading a book? Mete ya ing pawu → Mete ya ing pawo ? The turtle died → Did the turtle die? Ay nuku → Ay nuko . Oh, god → Oh, god!! Aru → Aro . Oh, my → Oh, my!! There are instances where the vowel-o -u The last vowel and the form it took depend on whether or not a question is being asked. Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-o
-o
forms adverbs from adjectives całi -o → cało FromProto-Indo-European *-ō, *-on- *-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂- ō was made common to all cases. Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes-iō f -tiō f -ō ,-ōnis are typically masculine.
The ending-ō, -inis , with short-i- in the oblique stem because of ablaut, is not a productive suffix by itself in historical Latin. However, it appears as the final component of various productive feminine abstract noun suffixes:-āgō f -īgō f -ūgō f -tūdō f -ēdō f dulcēdō, dulcēdinis f -ō, -inis is directly attached to a verbal root, such asprōpāgō, prōpāginis f compāgō, compāginis f aspergō, asperginis f offendō, *offendinis f -ō, -inis appears as an ending in some nouns, masculine and feminine, that effectively function as simple, underived words in Latin: e.g.margō, marginis m or f virgō, virginis f cardō, cardinis m
-ō m genitive -ōnis third declension
Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings: forms nouns, often colloquial or pejorative, designating a type of person. cōci- + -ō → cōciō m ( “ broker ” ) centuria ( “ century ” ) + -ō → centuriō m ( “ centurion ” ) attached to verb stems, formsagent nouns Synonyms: -a¹ -tor combibere ( “ to drink together ” ) + -ō → combibō m ( “ drinking buddy ” ) vāpulāre ( “ to get beaten ” ) + -ō → vāpulō m ( “ who gets frequently flogged ” ) errāre ( “ to wander, roam ” ) + -ō → errō m ( “ wanderer, vagabond ” ) attached to noun stems, formsnicknames meaning "one who has a prominent (or overly large)" caput ( “ head ” ) + -ō → capitō m ( “ one who has a (too) large head ” ) attached to noun stems, forms nouns meaning "dealer in" or "worker in" Synonym: -ārius linteum ( “ linen ” ) + -ō → linteō m ( “ one who deals in or works with linen ” ) restis ( “ rope ” ) + -ō → restiō m ( “ one who makes or sells rope ” ) also formsnames , especiallycognomina . aquila ( “ eagle ” ) + -ō → Aquilō ( “ the North wind ” ) incubāre ( “ to lie on top ” ) + -ō → Incubō ( “ a spirit that watches over buried treasures ” ) cūria ( “ curia ” ) + -ō → Cūriō cicer ( “ chickpea ” ) + -ō → Cicerō vārus ( “ bow-legged ” ) + -ō → Varrō catus ( “ clever, shrewd ” ) + -ō → Catō conger ( “ sea-eel ” ) + -ō → Congriō ( “ name of a cook in Plautus ” ) ( Late Latin ) also added as an ending to some inanimate nouns. cōleus ( “ testicle ” ) + -ō → cōleō m ( “ testicle ” ) Third-declension noun.
FromProto-Italic *-ōd Proto-Indo-European *-éad
-ō (superlative -issimē or -issimō
forms adverbs prīmus -ō →prīmō tūtus -ō →tūtō FromProto-Italic *-āō *-eh₂-yé-ti *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase**-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic*-āō (e.g.,laudō dōnō pugnō cūrō Proto-Germanic *-ōną *-ōną ),Ancient Greek -άω ( -áō ,contracted verb ) ,-अयति ( -ayati ) (for the causative inSanskrit ),Proto-Celtic *-āti Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *-ati
Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically:
Verbs from roots in*-h₁- (e.g.flō Verbs from roots in*-h₂- (e.g.for nō hiō domō iuvō Verbs from roots in*-h₃- (e.g.dō lavō arō In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on*-h₂ *-éh₁-ye-ti *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti . This case is the verbstō *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti >*staēō stō -ō (present infinitive -āre perfect active -āvī supine -ātum first conjugation
suffixed to nouns or adjectives. Originally a-stem nouns. Later extended to nouns with other stems. Forms regular first-conjugation verbs cūra -ō → cūrō dōnum -ō → dōnō laus ( oblique stem inlaud- ) + -ō → laudō multa -ō → multō nūndinae -or → nūndinor ( deponent ) indicative singular plural first second third first second third active present -ō -ās -at -āmus -ātis -ant imperfect -ābam -ābās -ābat -ābāmus -ābātis -ābant future -ābō -ābis -ābit -ābimus -ābitis -ābunt perfect -āvī -āvistī -āstī 3 -āvit -āt 3 -āvimus -āmus 3 -āvistis -āstis 3 -āvērunt -ārunt -āvēre 3 pluperfect -āveram -āram 3 -āverās -ārās 3 -āverat -ārat 3 -āverāmus -ārāmus 3 -āverātis -ārātis 3 -āverant -ārant 3 future perfect -āverō -ārō 3 -āveris -āris 3 -āverit -ārit 3 -āverimus -ārimus 3 -āveritis -āritis 3 -āverint -ārint 3 sigmatic future1 -āssō -āssis -āssit -āssimus -āssitis -āssint passive present -or -āris -āre -ātur -āmur -āminī -antur imperfect -ābar -ābāris -ābāre -ābātur -ābāmur -ābāminī -ābantur future -ābor -āberis -ābere -ābitur -ābimur -ābiminī -ābuntur perfect -ātus sum pluperfect -ātus sum future perfect -ātus sum sigmatic future1 -āssor -āsseris -āssitur — — — subjunctive singular plural first second third first second third active present -em -ēs -et -ēmus -ētis -ent imperfect -ārem -ārēs -āret -ārēmus -ārētis -ārent perfect -āverim -ārim 3 -āverīs -ārīs 3 -āverit -ārit 3 -āverīmus -ārīmus 3 -āverītis -ārītis 3 -āverint -ārint 3 pluperfect -āvissem -āssem 3 -āvissēs -āssēs 3 -āvisset -āsset 3 -āvissēmus -āssēmus 3 -āvissētis -āssētis 3 -āvissent -āssent 3 sigmatic aorist1 -āssim -āssīs -āssīt -āssīmus -āssītis -āssint passive present -er -ēris -ēre -ētur -ēmur -ēminī -entur imperfect -ārer -ārēris -ārēre -ārētur -ārēmur -ārēminī -ārentur perfect -ātus sum pluperfect -ātus sum imperative singular plural first second third first second third active present — -ā — — -āte — future — -ātō -ātō — -ātōte -antō passive present — -āre — — -āminī — future — -ātor -ātor — — -antor non-finite forms infinitive participle active passive active passive present -āre -ārī -ārier 2 -āns — future -ātūrum esse -ātum īrī -ātūrus -andus perfect -āvisse -āsse 3 -ātum esse — -ātus future perfect — -ātum fore — — perfect potential -ātūrum fuisse — — — verbal nouns gerund supine genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative -andī -andō -andum -andō -ātum -ātū
1 At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used byOld Latin writers; most notablyPlautus andTerence . The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.2 The present passive infinitive in-ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.3 At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.
( from infinitive -āre: )
Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such aspellō, pellere -pellō, -pellāre (incompellō, compellāre interpellō, interpellāre sternō, sternere cōnsternō, cōnsternāre *-n-H-ti of the type*tl-n-h₂-ti >*tl̥năti >tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in*-né-H-ti , showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix*-ye-/-yo- to*-nă- , forming*-năye-/-năyo- . In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be*-aō . Traditionally, these compound verbs in-āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases likeoccupō, occupāre [ 1]
-ō (present infinitive -āre perfect active -āvī supine -ātum first conjugation
suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs com- pellō ( pres. act. inf.:pellere ) +-ō →compellō ( pres. act. inf.:compellāre ) prō- flīgō ( pres. act. inf.:flīgere ) +-ō →prōflīgō ( pres. act. inf.:prōflīgāre ) ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991 ),The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi,→ISBN 411 FromProto-Italic *-ō , from at least two sources:
Proto-Indo-European thematic*-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in*-oh₂ (e.g.,agō *h₂éǵeti coquo *pékʷeti discō *di-dḱ-ské-ti Proto-Indo-European athematic*-ti , in which the first person singular ends in*-mi (e.g.,dūcō *déwkti edō *h₁édti linquō *linékʷti -ō (present infinitive -ere perfect active -ī supine -um third conjugation
forms regular third-conjugation verbs 1 At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used byOld Latin writers; most notablyPlautus andTerence . The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Dative fromOld Latin -ōi Proto-Italic *-ōi Proto-Indo-European *-oey Old Latin -ōd
-ō
dative / ablative masculine / neuter singular of-us Borrowed fromPaleo-Balkan Albanian -ónjë Aromanian -oanje -oanji -onje Romanian -oaie
-ō f genitive -ōnis third declension
form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia Aplis m -o → Aplo f Baezus m -o → Baezo f Dasant- m -o → Dasto f Ditus m -o → Dito f Paius m -o → Paio f Vendes m -o → Vendo f FromProto-Balto-Slavic *-ā Latvian -a Proto-Slavic *-a ( “ id ” ) . From theProto-Indo-European thematic masculineablative ending*-ōd d . CompareSanskrit -आत् ( -āt ) ,Latin -ō Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω ( óp-ō ,“ whence ” ) . In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The originalgenitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compareOld Prussian -as Proto-Indo-European *-os Hittite 𒀸 ( -as ) .
-õ
Used to formgenitive singulars ofmasculine a-stemnouns . Used to formgenitive singulars ofmasculine a-stemadjectives . -o
Used to formthird person present tense forms inthird declension verbs . Used to formthird person past tense forms infirst declension verbs . -õ
Anillative suffix. namas -o → namo -o
-ly ( used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner ) -o
Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent toyon orthat (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)rais ( “ rice ” ) + -o → raisso ( “ that rice over there, yon rice ” ) This suffix typically triggersgemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.
Cognate withMinica Huitoto -o Nüpode Huitoto -o
-o
Classifier for long, flexible objects. Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017 ),A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia. [2] 194 From earlier*ûy , cognate withPersian ـویه Middle Persian *-ōē Old Iranian *-avya- /au̯i̯a/ . Originally was a suffix only for pet names.
-o
Masculine singular vocative suffix Forms familiar or pet names Gives the definitive sense to a familiar subject Camêro nizane çi bike jî The chap doesn't even know what to do Kero em xapandin The dumbass deceived us Intensifies curses and cusswords Min kîrê keran di quzê diya te kiro ! May I put a donkey dick in your mother's cunt -o
Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns (non-standard since1917 ) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns ( archaic , nonstandard ) FromProto-West Germanic *-ō Proto-Germanic *-ô
-o
Forms adverbs from adjectives. Declension of-o
CategoryOld Dutch terms suffixed with -o (adverb) not found
FromProto-West Germanic *-jō Proto-Germanic *-jô
-o
Formsagent nouns from verbs. Declension of-o
-o
( Anglian , Kentish ) alternative form of-e , as used to form thefirst person singular present indicative ofstrong verbs and class Iweak verbs alternative form of-u Old Galician-Portuguese [ edit ] Inherited fromLatin -um Proto-Indo-European *-os
-o
forms the masculine of nouns and adjectives Inherited fromLatin -ō
-o
a suffix indicating thefirst-person singular present indicative of verbs amar ( “ to love ” ) + -o → amo ( “ [I] love ” ) querer ( “ to want ” ) + -o → quero ( “ [I] want ” ) FromProto-Germanic *-ô
-o
Forms adverbs from adjectives. FromProto-Germanic *-ô Old English -a ǣta ( “ eater ” ) ,Old Norse -i Gothic -𐌰 ( -a ) , in𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 ( nuta ,“ fisher ” ) .In some cases, the root appears in thezero-grade as inboto biotan
-o m
used to form masculine agents from verbs geban ( “ to give ” ) + -o → gëbo ( “ giver ” ) sprehhan ( “ to speak ” ) + -o → sprëhho ( “ speaker ” ) biotan ( “ to offer, send, command ” ) + -o → boto ( “ messenger ” ) ziohan ( “ to pull, lead ” ) + -o → herizogo ( “ army leader ” ) sagēn ( “ to say ” ) + -o → fora-sago ( “ prophet ” ) used to form attributive nouns from adjectives perht ( “ bright ” ) + -o → Perhto ( given name ) snel ( “ quick ” ) + -o → Snello ( given name ) used to form proper nouns from nouns haim ( “ home ” ) + -o → Haimo ( given name ) liuti ( “ people ” ) + -o → Liutto ( given name ) walt ( “ authority ” ) + -o → Uualto ( given name ) hūs ( “ house ” ) + -o → hūso ( place name ) ( in compounds ) Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, likehano ( “ cock ” ) ,namo ( “ name ” ) ,gomo ( “ man ” ) .
In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by-er -er gëber gëbo -e that results from Old High German-o , while place names often have-en leveled out from the accusative or dative cases.
Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-o ( “ neuter suffix ” ) . In Proto-Slavic, indefinite neuter adjectives were used as adverbs, but because Polish neuter adjectives descend from the definite neuter, the indefinite neuter suffix was fossilized as the adverbial suffix. CompareOld Polish -e
-o
forms adverbs from adjectives barzy -o → barzo FromProto-Germanic *-ô
-o
Forms adverbs from adjectives. FromProto-Germanic *-ô Old English -a ǣta ( “ eater ” ) ,Gothic -𐌰 ( -a ) , in𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 ( nuta ,“ fisher ” ) .
-o m
used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns gevan ( “ to give ” ) + -o → gevo ( “ giver ” ) beddi ( “ bed ” ) + -o → gibeddio ( “ bedfellow ” ) Inherited fromOld Polish -o
-o
forms adverbs from adjectives beztroski -o → beztrosko forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant dziad -o → dziadzio Humorous alteration of-ą
-o
( nonstandard , grammatically incorrect or dialectal , humorous ) forms third person plural of verbs ;-ą być -o → so znać -o → znajo chcieć -o → chco
Inherited fromOld Galician-Portuguese -o Latin -um
-o m noun-forming suffix ,plural -os -o (adjective-forming suffix ,feminine -a masculine plural -os feminine plural -as
forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives Inherited fromOld Galician-Portuguese -o Latin -ō -eō -iō Galician Spanish -o
-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix )
a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of-ar amar ( “ to love ” ) + -o → amo ( “ [I] love ” ) a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of-er comer ( “ to eat ” ) + -o → como ( “ [I] eat ” ) a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of-ir unir ( “ to unite ” ) + -o → uno ( “ [I] unite ” ) -o
Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs Borrowed fromProto-Slavic *-o Proto-Balto-Slavic *-a Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
-o
Vocative singular ( feminine ) mamă ( “ mother ” ) + -o → mamo focă ( “ seal ” ) + -o → foco This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.
-e -o
forms adverbs from adjectives primjeran -o → primjerno naporan -o → naporno budan -o → budno dobar -o → dobro Apparently from earlier*-tah ,[ 1] *-t ( feminine marker ) +*ʔax ( “ to be ” ) (whenceah
Cognate withTunni -to Aweer -tə Rendille -o Jiiddu -dhé Daasanach -u
-ó f
Used to formregular plurals ofnouns . geed -o → geedo -o f plural -ooyin
Feminine ending Antonym: -e ^ Kraska, I. (1992). From verb to clitic and nominal suffix: The Somali -e, -o nouns. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 22(1), pages 89-106 Inherited fromLatin -um accusative of-us
-o m noun-forming suffix ,plural -os
Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun. azafata ( “ female flight attendant ” ) + -o → azafato ( “ male flight attendant ” ) Inherited fromLatin -ō
-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix )
suffix indicating thefirst-person singular present indicative of verbs From the first conjugation third person singular preterite marker-ó , itself from Late Latin *-āut, fromLatin -āvit
-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix )
suffix indicating thethird-person singular preterite indicative of most irregular verbs Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ò
-o
suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as-aji -penda ( “ to love ” ) + -o → upendo ( “ love ” ) -enda ( “ to go ” ) + -o → mwendo ( “ motion ” ) wa class(II) ,m class(III) , andu class(XI) relative marker( archaic , Northern Swahili, poetry ) relative marker for any noun class 18th century , Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir,Al-Inkishafi [3] 13 :اَوُرَكِيْبُوُ جُوَ نِمَاسِ ، كَكُلَ خَسَرَ اُخَسِرِيِ Aurakibuo jua ni-mwasi, kwa-kula khasara ukhasiriye. The onewho rides it, know you are a rebel; you harm yourself. no pages or subcategories
-o
nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes (Can wedate this quote?) , K. Amri Abedi,Ukitaka moyo wangu :Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you Thilo C. Schadeberg (1989 ), “The three relative constructions in Swahili (Kisanifu)”, inEditions Recherche sur les Civilisations [4] 33–40 : “The concordless morpheme -o- frequently replaces the [relative concord] in old/northern/poetic Swahili[.] Inherited fromOld Swedish -u -o Old Norse -u
-o
( archaic ) dative suffix IPA (key ) : /ʊ/ When combined the stress is always on the first syllable. -o
( colloquial ) Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extentdiminutive nuance. fylla ( “ drunkenness ” ) + -o → fyllo ( “ drunkard ” ) fet ( “ fat ” ) + -o → fetto ( “ a fatty ” ) snygg ( “ handsome ” ) + -o → snyggo ( “ handsome(noun) ” ) puckad ( “ stupid ” ) + -o → pucko ( “ a stupid person ” ) lycklig ( “ lucky, fortunate ” ) + -o → lyllo ( “ a fortunate person ” ) Borrowed fromNorthern Kurdish -o
-o
( Internet slang ) added arbitrarily to words to form slang words aşk -o → aşko erkek -o → erko günaydın -o → güno şaka -o → şako sik -o → sikko used to form shortened nicknames Abdullah -o → Apo İbrahim -o → İbo Mukaddes -o → Muko When used on a word with more than one syllable, the word is first clipped before the suffix is added. -o
adverb ending-wise ( in the matter of; with regard to ) -o
used to form pet names Dai -o → Deio Gwen -o → Gwenno Iorwerth -o → Iolo -o
( literary ) verb suffix for thethird-person singular present subjunctive FromMiddle Welsh -aw Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃
-o
Formsverbnouns from verb stems. Synonyms: -i -u This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonanti (though for some such verbs, such ascynnig i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable isi ,u ,eu , orwy .[ 1]
-io ( Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech ) 
