-ka
Used to form adverbs from nouns. tarte ( “ gap, interval ” ) + -ka → tarteka ( “ intermittently ” ) looking for ote ( “ gorse, furze ” ) + -ka → oteka ( “ looking for gorse ” ) divided in,distributed intalde ( “ group ” ) + -ka → taldeka ( “ in groups ” ) -ka
progressive tense marker nuiraka : I am drinkingSwintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo,Agreement in two Arawak languages , inThe Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008,→ISBN ), page 398 Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka f noun-forming suffix )
appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name lékař -ka → lékařka -ka f or m anim noun-forming suffix )
appended to words to create adiminutive form of a noun vlna -ka → vlnka -ka inSlovník afixů užívaných v češtině , 2017FromProto-Finnic *-ka Proto-Uralic *-ka
-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä linguistic notation -kA )( enclitic particle )
functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses ;and (not) (seeeikä ei eikä ( no longerproductive ) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes saati saatikka ( no longerproductive ) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable. jo- →joka ku- →kuka mi- →mikä This particle is no longer productive. In some words the particle may appear as-kka ; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier-hka (with a preceding-h- ). Borrowed fromBulgarian -ка ( -ka ) .
IPA (key ) : /kɑ/ Always unstressed -ka
forms feminine singular nouns from originally masculine or genderless nouns başkan ( “ president ” ) + -ka → başkanka ( “ female president ” ) forms nouns from other nouns kuş ( “ bird ” ) + -ka → kuşka ( “ birdcage ” ) Unlike most suffixes, this suffix is not subject to vowel harmony. N. A Baskakov, editor (1972 ), “-ка ”, inGagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary →ISBN 622 FromProto-Finno-Ugric Finnish -kka
-ka
( diminutive suffix ) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word. cukor ( “ sugar ” ) + -ka → cukorka ( “ candy ” ) asztal ( “ table ” ) + -ka → asztalka ( “ small table ” ) jár ( “ to walk ” ) →járó ( “ walking ” ) →járóka ( “ playpen ” ) ( diminutive suffix ) Variants:-ka -ke FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka
-ka
Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun ;you Napanka n? ―Didyou go already? Estudianteka . ―You are a student.Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses-ko ( “ I, my ” ) and-ka ( “ you ” ) Ay-ayatenka . ―I loveyou .Estudianteka . ―You aremy student.Ilocano personal pronouns Person Number Absolutive Ergative Oblique Possessive Disjunctive Enclitic Enclitic3 bági kukua First singular siak -ak -ko -k kaniak bagik kukuak kuak dual data sita 1 -ta kaniata kadata bagita kukuata plural inclusive datayo sitayo 1 -tayo -tay kaniatayo kadatayo bagitayo kukuatayo plural exclusive dakami sikami 1 -kami -kam -mi kaniami kadakami bagimi kukuami Second singular sika -ka -mo -m kaniam kenka bagim kukuam plural dakayo sikayo 1 -kayo -kay -yo kaniayo kadakayo bagiyo kukuayo Third singular isu isuna Ø2 -na kaniana kenkuana bagina kukuana plural isuda -da kaniada kadakuada bagida kukuada
1 Regional variants.2 Null morpheme: there is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctivesisu isuna 3 Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
4 Reflexive pronouns use thebagí 5 isu isuna
FromProto-Finnic *-ka Finnish -ka
-ka (front-vowel variant -kä
Used to turn a clauseinterrogative . Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses :neither ,nor ,and not In the interrogative function, when added to verbs,-ka is only used after the consonant-t . Otherwise, the reduced form-k -ko -kö In the joining function, an alternative-k -ka (front vowel variant -kä
( unproductive ) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect. Proto-Finnic *mi- -ka → mikä Proto-Finnic *ku- -ka → kuka ( unproductive ) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect. Akin to dialectalFinnish -kaa Estonian -ga
-ka (front vowel variant -kä
( chiefly Ala-Laukaa ) Used to form thecomitative case when added to a genitive of a noun. Ruben E. Nirvi (1971 ),Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja , Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page118 -ka
Rōmaji transcription ofか -ka
first person singularaccusative enclitic -ka
perfective aspectenclitic Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka f
forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature bednôrz -ka → bednôrka czãsc -ka → cząstka FromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka f
added to masculine nouns to form a feminine added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive FromProto-Germanic *-ukōną
-ka
turns an adjective into a causative verb víð -ka → víðka þurr -ka → þurka turns a noun into a transitive verb lit -ka → litka Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka f
feminine noun suffix ambroże -ka → ambrożka -ka n
inflection of-ko genitive singular nominative / vocative plural -ka
Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives Campbell, L. (1985).The Pipil Language of El Salvador . Mouton De Gruyter. p.48 Inherited fromOld Polish -ka
IPA (key ) : /ka/ Rhymes:-a Syllabification:-ka -ka f
feminine noun suffix Synonym: -na Azjata -ka → Azjatka diminutive noun suffix część -ka → cząstka -ka n
inflection of-ko genitive singular nominative / vocative plural -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWNInherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка
Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name. Inherited fromOld Polish -ka
IPA (key ) : /ka/ Rhymes:-a Syllabification:-ka -ka f
forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature bednŏrz -ka → bednŏrka kość -ka → kostka Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka
denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to Talian m ( “ Italian (man) ” ) + -ka =Talianka f ( “ Italian (woman) ” ) sometimes denotes a word as adiminutive mucha f ( “ fly ” ) + -ka =muška f ( “ small fly ” ) Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka f
forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature bednorz -ka → bednorka jagôda -ka → jagódka Cognate withJiiddu -ké
-ka (feminine -ta
The masculine definite article ;the This form is used after the consonants-b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and-sh . After words ending in-g, -aa, -i, -y and-w , the form-ga Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012 ), “ka”, inQaamuuska Af-Soomaliga [1] →ISBN -ka
alternative form of-ika used in some verbs ending in-ia , in all verbs ending in-e , in conversive verbs ending in-oa , or-ua , in all words ending in-i , and in nouns and adjectives ending in-u -sikia ( “ to hear ” ) + -ka → -sikika ( “ to audible ” ) -fungua ( “ to open ” ) + -ka → -funguka ( “ to be opened ” ) shughuli ( “ occupation, trade ” ) + -ka → -shughulika ( “ to be busy ” ) FromOld Norse -ka Proto-Germanic *-ukōną *-ikōną
-ka
( no longerproductive ) Used to formnouns fromadjectives hal ( “ slippery ” ) + -ka → halka ( “ slipperiness ” ) ( no longerproductive ) Used to formverbs fromadjectives ,nouns or otherverbs blid ( “ mild ” ) + -ka → blidka ( “ to placate ” ) ja ( “ a yes ” ) + -ka → jaka ( “ to say yes ” ) stöna ( “ to moan ” ) + -ka → stånka ( “ to huff and puff ” ) -ka in Elof Hellquist,Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ъka
-ka
added to masculine nouns to form a feminine added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive Fromkaaz kaa Estonian -ga Ingrian -ka
-ka
Forms thecomitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms. This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.
Cognate toKari'na ka ( “ to take away, to deprive of ” ,verb ) ,Trió -ka ( privative verbalizer ) .
-ka
forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis- ,ex- This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become-kkwa
FromProto-Cariban *-ka ( suffix forming allative postpositions ) .
-ka
formsallative orlocative postpositions : to ,at -ka
allomorph of-a ( nonpast or past imperfective suffix ) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins withk Cáceres, Natalia (2011 ), “-ka”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana [2] 148 Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019)A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions , page 34–36 
