FromMiddle English-ken,-kien, fromOld English-cian, fromProto-West Germanic*-ukōn,*-ikōn, fromProto-Germanic*-ukōną,*-ikōną. Cognate withWest Frisian-kje,German-chen,Danish-ke,Swedish-ka,Faroese-ka. Perhaps related toOld English diminutive suffix-uc,-oc. More at-ock.

-k

1. (rare, no longerproductive) A suffix found in verbs of Middle English, Old English, usually with an intensive or frequentative effect.

   tale,talk;steal,stalk;mire,mirk;hear,hark;fare,firk;peer,perk;yare,yark;gaw,gawk

FromMiddle English-ke, fromOld English-(u)c and-ca(diminutive suffix). More at-ock.

-k

1. (rare, no longerproductive) A suffix found in nouns, usually with a diminutive effect.

   chine >chink;stale >stalk

-k

1. A suffix used to form the plurals of some animate words.

   tmakwa(“beaver”) →tmakwak(“beavers”)

• Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end ina, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowelw; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
• See the usage notes at-ak.

• IPA^(key): /-k/ [-ʰk]

-k

1. Marks theablative case:from
2. Marks theelative case:out of
3. Marks theperlative case:via,through
4. Marks themalefactive case: for ...'snuisance
5. Marks the subject of acomparison:than

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015),L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page361

• -ek(after consonants)

Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes-ki and-ka.^[1]

-k

1. Ergative indefinite suffix.

Inherited fromProto-Cushitic[Term?], syncretism ofProto-Afroasiatic*-ka/*-ku and*-ki.

-k

2. 2nd-person singular possessive suffix:your

-k

1. (added to verbs)you(in thesingular, indirect object suffix)

FromProto-Finnic*-kkoi. Cognate withFinnish-kko.

-k (genitive-ku,partitive-kut)

1. Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
   1. a single instance of an action

      minema(“to go”) →minek(“a going”)

      ründama(“to attack”) →rünnak(“an attack”)

   2. the object of an action

      õppima(“to study”) →õpik(“textbook”)

FromProto-Finnic*-kkei. Cognate withFinnish-kki.

-k (genitive-ki,partitive-kit)

1. Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.

   sõitma(“to drive”) →sõiduk(“vehicle”)

   hõljuma(“to hover”) →hõljuk(“hovercraft”)

   tõstma(“to raise”) →tõstuk(“lift”)

May be the same as etymology 2.

-k (genitive-gi,partitive-ki)

1. Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
   1. the result of an action

      jääma(“to remain”) →jääk(“residue, remainder”)

      saama(“to receive”) →saak(“yield”)

   2. the object of an action

      sööma(“to eat”) →söök(“food”)

      jooma(“to drink”) →jook(“drink, beverage”)

• IPA^(key): /-k/,[-k]

-k(dialectal)

1. (Southwest Finnish, enclitic)alternative form of-ko

   Löytyykmittä? Are you finding anything?

• -ko(standard)

Probably related toNorthern Mansi-ыг(-yg,“dual suffix”).

-k

2. (plural suffix)-s,-es

   ‎hajó(“ship”) + ‎-k → ‎hajók(“ships”)

   ‎alma(“apple”) + ‎-k → ‎almák(“apples”)

   ‎mese(“fairy tale”) + ‎-k → ‎mesék(“fairy tales”)

• (plural suffix) Variants:

  -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final-a changes to-á-. Final-e changes to-é-.

  ‎nő(“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők(“women”)

  ‎fa(“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák(“trees”)

  ‎csésze(“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék(“cups”)

  -ak is added tosome back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎ház(“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak(“houses”)

  -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎pad(“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok(“benches”)

  -ek is added to unrounded (andsome rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kert(“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek(“gardens”)

  ‎könyv(“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek(“books”)

  -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kör(“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök(“circles”)

• Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian:három könyv(“three books”),néhány óra múlva(“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, includingháromkirályok(“the Three Magi”),mindenszentek(“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases withösszes(“all”) andminden(“every”) (see theirUsage notes).
• The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is-ak, for exampleokosak(“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take-ok (e.g.olaszok(“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms intheir category), as well assome other adjectives, includingprivative(“…-less”) ones (formed with-talan,-atlan, or-tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take-ek, for examplezöldek(“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel termsin their category).
• If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g.játékosok(“players”,noun) andjátékosak(“playful”,adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g.ismerős:ismerősök(“acquaintances”,noun) andismerősek(“familiar”,adjective as part of a plural predicate).

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

-k

2. (personal suffix)Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).

   ír(“to write”) →

   írok(“I write, I am writing”)

   írnék(“I would write”)

   írjak(“I should write”)

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

-k

2. (obsolete)Diminutive suffix.

   lélek(“soul”)

   fészek(“nest”)

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

-k

2. (obsolete, instantaneous verb-forming suffix)Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such asreszket,serken,sikolt,szerkeszt,-kol/-kel/-köl,-kod/-ked/-köd,-dokol/-dekel/-dököl.

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

-k (pronoun-forming suffix)

1. alternative form of-ko(used before vowels and suffixes-en and-an)

• -ko

Reduced form of-ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced byRussian-ка(-ka).

• (Ala-Laukaa)IPA^(key): /-k/,[-k]
• (Soikkola)IPA^(key): /-k/,[-k]

-k

1. Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
   • 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov,Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page29:

     Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?

     Will you come to us tomorrow?

2. Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov,Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.

     Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.

3. Added to the indicative or the potential of a verb, used to form the deliberative aspect.
   • 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova,Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Näijen kamppanioin hyväst veemisest rippuu se, jot saammak möö täl vootta ohto leipää, ruuhtija ja toisia maatalohusproduktoja, saammakse ohto saahkaraa ja materiaa.

     On the good carrying out of these campaigns dependswhether this year we get enough bread, vegetables and other agricultural products, whether we get enough sugar and fabric.

4. (rare)alternative form of-ka,-kä(“and not”)
   • 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor,Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:

     Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.

     The boy went to the guard, threw himselfand didn't see the thief.

     (Note: The spelling has been normalised in accordance with the literary Ingrian language.)

• In the interrogative and deliberative functions, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant-t, the full forms-ka and-kä may be used.

• (deliberative):-kse

• Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014),Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[2],→ISBN, page18

-k

1. dual number in theabsolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

• IPA^(key): /k/[k̠̚]

-k (pronoun-forming suffix)

1. alternative form of-ko

Inherited fromProto-Slavic*-ьkъ.

• IPA^(key): /k/

-k

1. forms masculinediminutive nouns
2. forms masculine nouns from verbs

   ‎susac(“to suck”) + ‎-k → ‎susk(“mammal”)

• Palatalises a preceding velar:

  ‎groch + ‎-k → ‎groszk

Inherited fromProto-Slavic*-ъkъ.

-k m

1. used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive

• -ek,-ok

FromArabicـكَ m(-ka),ـكِ f(-ki).

-k

2. 2nd-person singular pronominal suffix:your,you

   Synonym:tiegħek(only in possessive use)

   ‎sħab(“friends”) + ‎-k → ‎sħabek(“your (singular) friends”)

   ‎taħt(“under”) + ‎-k → ‎taħtek(“under you (singular)”)

   ‎jinsa(“he forgets”) + ‎-k → ‎jinsiek(“he forgets you (singular)”)

• int

-k

1. continuative suffix

• Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976),Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page442
• Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018),Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page92

CompareSouthern Ohlone-ka.

-k

1. I(first-person, singular, subject pronoun)
   • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington,Chochenyo Field Notes‎^[3]:

     nommok roote

     here I am

• María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s),Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Languages)‎^[4], Unpublished

-k

1. alternative form of-g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
2. A suffix denoting thesecond-person plural tothird person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending

In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the finald merges with-g to produce-k.

• -ik
• -ok

• ek

-k(enclitic)

1. enclitic form ofek

   ‎hafða + ‎-k → ‎hafðak

   ‎em + ‎-k → ‎emk

   • 9th c.,Þjóðólfr of Hvinir,Ynglingatal, verse 27:

     Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
     kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi[…]

     I know that the best / nickname
     under the blue sky / that a king might have […]

• -du,-ðu,-tu

FromProto-North Iroquoian*h(present suffix).

-k

1. continuative suffix

• Hanni Woodbury (2018),A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page104

• -ku

-k

1. (no longerproductive) locative suffix (meaning "in") used after a vowel

• Campbell, L. (1985).The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.47

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /k/
• Rhymes:-k
• Syllabification:-k

-k

1. (dialectal, chiefly Greater Poland, Lesser Poland)extends adverbs

   ‎bardzo + ‎-k → ‎bardzok

Inherited fromProto-Slavic*-ьkъ.

• IPA^(key): /k/

-k m

1. forms masculine diminutive nouns

   ‎barón + ‎-k → ‎barónk

2. forms masculine nouns from verbs

   ‎czwjorty(“fourth”) + ‎-k → ‎czwjortk(“Thursday”)

-k

1. Post-vocalic form of-ık.

   ‎iste-(“to want”) + ‎-k → ‎istek(“request, want”)

   ‎dile-(“to wish”) + ‎-k → ‎dilek(“wish, desire”)

Inherited fromProto-Slavic*-ъkъ.

-k m

1. Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.

-k

1. alternative form of-ik

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “а,ли”, inUz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[5], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

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