Inherited fromLatin-īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs, which merged with-ēscere,-īscere, from which come the-eix- infix.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic)[ˈi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia)[ˈiɾ]

-ir

1. formsinfinitives

• Dir does not count as a third conjugation verb, belonging to the second conjugation.

• “-ir”, inGran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana,Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana,2026

Inherited fromLatin-īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs. Cognate withSpanish-ir,Italian-ire,Romanian-i and-î, etc.

• IPA^(key): /iʁ/

• Audio(France (Toulouse)):

  (file)

• Audio(France (Lyon)):

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-ir

1. (no longerproductive)forms the infinitives of many verbs

• Most verbs with infinitives in-ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix-iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs arechoisir(“to choose”) andpourrir(“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in-ish; some such examples arefinir(“to finish”),nourrir(“to feed, to nourish”),accomplir(“to accomplish”), andpolir(“to polish”).
• Many verbs with infinitives in-ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples includeblanchir(“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”),durcir(“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”),grandir(“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”),rougir(“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), andvieillir(“to age, to become older, to make older”).
• A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in-ir but do not use the infix-iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbssortir(“to go out, to take out”),partir(“to leave”),dormir(“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, withsors instead of *sortis). An irregular-ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular-ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) ischauvir.
• This suffix is spelled-ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such ashaïr(“to hate”) andouïr(“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled-ire on the verbmaudire(“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verbdire(“to say”), and the verbbruire.
• Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix-oir.

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, likefinir,choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in-ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix-iss-.

• -er
• -ire
• -oir
• -re

-ir

1. (Pulaar)indicates that the action is performed with an instrument or tool,(by means of)

   ‎winndude(“to write”) + ‎-ir → ‎winndirde(“to write with...”)

   ‎helde(“to break”) + ‎-ir → ‎helirde(“to break with.../to break by means of”)

2. when a nominalizing class-marker suffix is affixed, it forms an instrumental deverbal (a noun indicating the means by which a verb is accomplished)

   ‎wuppude(“to do laundry”) + ‎-ir → ‎wuppirgal(“a tool used to do laundry”)

• affixed following the verb stem
• This form follows-u in active voice verbs
• following-aa in middle voice verbs the affix becomes-oraa

• M. Niang (1997),Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books
• Mamadou Saliou Diallo,La Suffixation Verbal en Pulaar (Peul): Morphologie et Phonologie des Suffixes Verbaux dans le Pulaar du Fouta-Djallon (Guinée), Thèse, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc, (1992)

• -er,-in,-en

-ir

1. Anapplicative (transitivizing) suffix.

   ‎kùàmbà(“to speak”) + ‎-ir → ‎kùàmbìrà(“to tell someone”)

   ‎kùnyènsà(“to defend”) + ‎-ir → ‎kùnyènsèrà(“to defend for”)

   ‎kùtòmà(“to charge a dowery”) + ‎-ir → ‎kùtòmènà(“to charge a dowery to”)

• The alternative forms-er,-in, and-en are used based onvowel harmony andnasal harmony.
• The tone of the suffix is affected by the tones of the other vowels in the word.
• When following the causative suffix-is, this suffix may also appear as-iz or-ikiz; these forms are in free variation and carry no distinct meaning.

Modeled after-ar and-is.

-ir

1. Used to denote the pastinfinitive of a verb.

   Me devas telefonir tu.

   I should have called you.

• -ar(present infinitive tense)
• -or(future infinitive tense)

-ir

1. alternative form of-er(agentive suffix)

FromLatin-īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs, which merged with-ēscere,-īscere, from which come the-iss- and-isc- infix.

• IPA^(key): /ˈi/

-ir

1. A verb ending forinfinitives.

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		-ir			aver-it
gerund		-issent			use gerund ofaver + past participle
past participle		-it			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	-issi	-isses	-ís	-issèm	-issètz	-isson
	imperfect	-issiái	-issiás	-issiá	-issiam	-issiatz	-issián
	preterite	-iguèri	-iguères	-iguèt	-iguèrem	-iguèretz	-iguèron
	future	-irai	-iràs	-irà	-irem	-iretz	-iràn
	conditional	-iriái	-iriás	-iriá	-iriam	-iriatz	-irián
	conditional 2nd form1	-iguèra	-iguèras	-iguèra	-igueram	-igueratz	-iguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense ofaver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense ofaver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense ofaver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense ofaver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense ofaver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	-isca	-iscas	-isca	-iscam	-iscatz	-iscan
	imperfect	-iguèsse	-iguèsses	-iguèsse	-iguèssem	-iguèssetz	-iguèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive ofaver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive ofaver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			-ís		-iscam	-issetz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

FromLatin-īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs.

-ir

1. used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs

• Appendix:Old French verbs
• -er

FromProto-Norse-ᛃᚨᛉ(-jaʀ), fromProto-Germanic*-jaz.

-ir m

1. (rare)used to createagent nouns fromclass 1 weak verbs

   Synonyms:-andi,-ari,-i

   ‎myrða(“to murder”) + ‎-ir → ‎myrðir(“murderer”)

   ‎stilla(“to still; control”) + ‎-ir → ‎stillir(“stiller, controller; ruler”)

• Agent nouns formed with this suffix are rare, and mostly found in old poetry. The oldest instance isProto-Norseᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ(raunijaʀ) on the Øvre Stabu spear head, from circa 210–240.

Originally multiple distinct endings:

• In theu-stem nominative, fromProto-Germanic*-iwiz, fromProto-Indo-European*-ewes, from*-us(u-stem suffix) +‎*-es(nominative plural suffix).
• In thei-stem nominative, fromProto-Germanic*-īz, fromProto-Indo-European*-eyes, from*-is(i-stem suffix) +‎*-es(nominative plural suffix).
• In thei-stem accusative, by analogy with theō-stems, which inflect similarly to thei-stems while having same ending in the nominative and accusative plural; this similarity is also why someō-stems also take-ir in the nominative and accusative plural.

-ir

1. i-stem/masculineu-stemindefinitenominativeplural suffix

   ‎sunr(“son”) + ‎-ir → ‎synir(“sons”)

2. femininei-stemindefiniteaccusativeplural suffix

   ‎dáð(“deed”) + ‎-ir → ‎dáðir(“deeds”)

3. alternativeindefinitenominative/accusativeplural suffix for someō-stems

   ‎sǫg(“saw”) + ‎-ir → ‎sagir(“saws”,besidessagar)

• This ending usually inducesumlaut of the root inu-stems and masculine and neuteri-stems; in femininei-stems, it has been levelled out on the model of theō-stems.

• Icelandic:-ir
• Faroese:-ir
• Middle Norwegian:-ir,-er
  • Norwegian Nynorsk:-er
• Elfdalian:-ir
• Old Swedish:-ir,-er
  • Swedish:-er
• Danish:-er
  • Norwegian Bokmål:-er

FromOld Galician-Portuguese-ir, fromLatin-īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex ofLatin-ere of thethird conjugation.

• (Caipira)IPA^(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/
• (Northeast Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈi(χ)/
• Homophone:-i(Brazil, with dropped -r)

-ir (verb-forming suffix,first-person singular present-o,first-person singular preterite-i,past participle-ido)

1. (no longerproductive)forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs

• “-ir”, inDicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “-ir”, inDicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

FromLatin-īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs. Cognate withItalian-ire,Romanian-i,-î.

-ir (verb-forming suffix,first-person singular present-o,first-person singular preterite-í,past participle-ido)

1. a verb ending forinfinitives

Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verbs

• -ar
• -er

• Appendix:Spanish verbs in -ar
• Appendix:Spanish verbs in -er

Ottoman Turkishـور(-ur, -ür), fromProto-Turkic*-gür.

• IPA^(key): /iɾ/

-ir

2. Causative suffix.

   ‎kaçmak(“to flee”) + ‎-ir → ‎kaçırmak(“to abduct”)

• IPA^(key): /ɪr/

-ir

1. (literary)verb suffix for theimpersonalpresentindicative/future

-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example,‎canu(“to sing”) + ‎-ir → ‎cenir(“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).

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