FromLatin -i
-i
Used to form adjectives for the species descriptor of a scientific name .A conflation of the following suffixes:
In English, productive from the 19th century.
-i
Used to form adjectives and nouns describing people of a particular city, region, or country, and thelanguage spoken by these people. Iraq -i → Iraqi Israel -i → Israeli Pakistan -i → Pakistani Bengal -i → Bengali Nepal -i → Nepali Kabul -i → Kabuli Baghdad -i → Baghdadi 2025 July 24, Mubasher Sharief Pathan, “Chenab Valley United”, inPrecious Kashmir [1] the original on29 August 2025 :According to Collins Dictionary and Wiktionary, the term was coined in 2017 by journalist Anzer Ayoob, the term Chenabi is derived from the Chenab River, with the suffix “-i ”, commonly used to denote belonging.
suffix to form a demonym (especially in the Middle East)
FromLatin -ī
-i
Forms an alternativeplural ending for various words borrowed fromLatin that end in ⟨us⟩ in the singular. focus -i → foci radius -i → radii Prescriptively speaking, the ending is only applicable to words that were second-declension masculine nouns in Latin, such as the above examples. Descriptively speaking, the ending is often extended to other words likeoctopus octopodes *octopi ) andignoramus The ending traditionally “softens” preceding /k ɡ/ to /s d͡ʒ/, but non-softened pronunciations are also found today. Cf.loci fungi FromItalian -i Latin -ī
-i
Forms an alternativeplural ending for words borrowed fromItalian that end in ⟨o⟩ or ⟨e⟩ in the singular. concerto -i → concerti calzone -i → calzoni Variant of-ie -y
-i
Used to formdiminutives ofgiven names . Becki ,Benji ,Jimmi ,Lexi ,Nicki ,Sammi ,Sandi ,Trini ,Vicki -i or -í
Used to createnouns from class Iverbs , denoting either theagent or theinstrument of the action. Used together with the prefixt- feminine nouns . The stress will shift to the last syllable. Used together with the prefixy- masculine nouns . The stress will not be on the last syllable. Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015 ),L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie) [2] 118 Compare, perhaps,Navajo -í -ii
-i
Forms nouns from verbs with the meaning of 'the one who...' Forms relative clauses The form-yi Kari, James (1990 ),Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary , Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center,→ISBN 67 A user suggests that this Albanian entry be cleaned up. Please see the discussion onRequests for cleanup (+ ) or thetalk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.
FromProto-Indo-European *-osyo Proto-Indo-European *-os Messapic -aihi [ 1] [ 2] [ 3] i ( “ of, the, to ” ) .
-i m
masculine singular nominativesuffixed definite article : themalësor ( “ highlander ” ) + -i → malësori ( “ the highlander ” ) mal ( “ mountain ” ) + -i → mali ( “ the mountain ” ) ( suffixed article, suffix ) : -a -e -ë -o -u -ia -ja -je -jë -at -et -ët -it -ot -ut -të -ri -ishte -ishtja ( article, preposition ) : e i së të -i
stressed, it forms nouns from nomina agentis and adjectives, shkues/shkuesi, i lirë/liri ^ Matzinger 2015, pp. 62–66 ^ Ismajli 2015, pp. 65–68. ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2017). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3. Walter de Gruyter. FromLatin -ius Italian -io Portuguese -io Spanish -io
-i (adjective-forming suffix ,feminine -ia masculine plural -is feminine plural -ies
suffix forming adjectives from nouns Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ì Swahili -i Tumbuka -i
-i
Formsagent nouns from verbs .-i
added tointransitive verbs to make themtransitive ( added to transitive verbs ) him ,her ,it ( third person singularindirect object ) In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix-i can be added for emphasis. FromMiddle Cornish -y Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃ Welsh -i
-i
Verb forming suffix Synonyms: -a -ya Perhaps fromLatin loquī ( “ to speak ” ) . Perhaps fromFrench Spanish -ir
-i
verbal inflection marking theinfinitive Common toEnglish e (pronounced [i]) inme ,she ,he ,we Italian mi ,ti ,vi ,li ,si
-i
common vowel of personal pronouns:mi ,ni ,ci ,vi ,li ,ŝi ,ĝi ,oni ,ili ,si FromProto-Finnic *-in
-i
Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action. Or less commonly:
FromProto-Finnic *-i Proto-Uralic *-j -o *-oi -i- caused labialization of the preceding *a ).
-i
A non-productive nominal suffix deriving nouns from nominal stems. ukko ( “ (old) man ” ) + -i → ukki ( “ grandfather ” ) Forms nouns from some verbs. ( seldom productive ) Used to mark the first part of acompound word . lehmä ( “ cow ” ) + -i → lehmi- kolme ( “ three ” ) + -i → kolmi- neljä ( “ four ” ) + -i → neli- perä ( “ rear ” ) + -i → peri- ( “ ultimate ” ) Usually:
Inflection of-i (Kotus type 5/risti nominative -i -it genitive -in -ien partitive -ia -eja illative -iin -eihin singular plural nominative -i -it accusative nom. -i -it gen. -in genitive -in -ien partitive -ia -eja inessive -issa -eissa elative -ista -eista illative -iin -eihin adessive -illa -eilla ablative -ilta -eilta allative -ille -eille essive -ina -eina translative -iksi -eiksi abessive -itta -eitta instructive — -ein comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-i (Kotus type 5/risti first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ini -ini accusative nom. -ini -ini gen. -ini genitive -ini -ieni partitive -iani -ejani inessive -issani -eissani elative -istani -eistani illative -iini -eihini adessive -illani -eillani ablative -iltani -eiltani allative -illeni -eilleni essive -inani -einani translative -ikseni -eikseni abessive -ittani -eittani instructive — — comitative — -eineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -isi -isi accusative nom. -isi -isi gen. -isi genitive -isi -iesi partitive -iasi -ejasi inessive -issasi -eissasi elative -istasi -eistasi illative -iisi -eihisi adessive -illasi -eillasi ablative -iltasi -eiltasi allative -illesi -eillesi essive -inasi -einasi translative -iksesi -eiksesi abessive -ittasi -eittasi instructive — — comitative — -einesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imme -imme accusative nom. -imme -imme gen. -imme genitive -imme -iemme partitive -iamme -ejamme inessive -issamme -eissamme elative -istamme -eistamme illative -iimme -eihimme adessive -illamme -eillamme ablative -iltamme -eiltamme allative -illemme -eillemme essive -inamme -einamme translative -iksemme -eiksemme abessive -ittamme -eittamme instructive — — comitative — -einemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -inne -inne accusative nom. -inne -inne gen. -inne genitive -inne -ienne partitive -ianne -ejanne inessive -issanne -eissanne elative -istanne -eistanne illative -iinne -eihinne adessive -illanne -eillanne ablative -iltanne -eiltanne allative -illenne -eillenne essive -inanne -einanne translative -iksenne -eiksenne abessive -ittanne -eittanne instructive — — comitative — -einenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -insa -insa accusative nom. -insa -insa gen. -insa genitive -insa -iensa partitive -iaan -iansa -ejaan -ejansa inessive -issaan -issansa -eissaan -eissansa elative -istaan -istansa -eistaan -eistansa illative -iinsa -eihinsa adessive -illaan -illansa -eillaan -eillansa ablative -iltaan -iltansa -eiltaan -eiltansa allative -illeen -illensa -eilleen -eillensa essive -inaan -inansa -einaan -einansa translative -ikseen -iksensa -eikseen -eiksensa abessive -ittaan -ittansa -eittaan -eittansa instructive — — comitative — -eineen -einensa
Inflection of-i (Kotus type 5/risti nominative -i -it genitive -in -ien partitive -iä -ejä illative -iin -eihin singular plural nominative -i -it accusative nom. -i -it gen. -in genitive -in -ien partitive -iä -ejä inessive -issä -eissä elative -istä -eistä illative -iin -eihin adessive -illä -eillä ablative -iltä -eiltä allative -ille -eille essive -inä -einä translative -iksi -eiksi abessive -ittä -eittä instructive — -ein comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-i (Kotus type 5/risti first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ini -ini accusative nom. -ini -ini gen. -ini genitive -ini -ieni partitive -iäni -ejäni inessive -issäni -eissäni elative -istäni -eistäni illative -iini -eihini adessive -illäni -eilläni ablative -iltäni -eiltäni allative -illeni -eilleni essive -inäni -einäni translative -ikseni -eikseni abessive -ittäni -eittäni instructive — — comitative — -eineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -isi -isi accusative nom. -isi -isi gen. -isi genitive -isi -iesi partitive -iäsi -ejäsi inessive -issäsi -eissäsi elative -istäsi -eistäsi illative -iisi -eihisi adessive -illäsi -eilläsi ablative -iltäsi -eiltäsi allative -illesi -eillesi essive -inäsi -einäsi translative -iksesi -eiksesi abessive -ittäsi -eittäsi instructive — — comitative — -einesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imme -imme accusative nom. -imme -imme gen. -imme genitive -imme -iemme partitive -iämme -ejämme inessive -issämme -eissämme elative -istämme -eistämme illative -iimme -eihimme adessive -illämme -eillämme ablative -iltämme -eiltämme allative -illemme -eillemme essive -inämme -einämme translative -iksemme -eiksemme abessive -ittämme -eittämme instructive — — comitative — -einemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -inne -inne accusative nom. -inne -inne gen. -inne genitive -inne -ienne partitive -iänne -ejänne inessive -issänne -eissänne elative -istänne -eistänne illative -iinne -eihinne adessive -illänne -eillänne ablative -iltänne -eiltänne allative -illenne -eillenne essive -inänne -einänne translative -iksenne -eiksenne abessive -ittänne -eittänne instructive — — comitative — -einenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -insä -insä accusative nom. -insä -insä gen. -insä genitive -insä -iensä partitive -iään -iänsä -ejään -ejänsä inessive -issään -issänsä -eissään -eissänsä elative -istään -istänsä -eistään -eistänsä illative -iinsä -eihinsä adessive -illään -illänsä -eillään -eillänsä ablative -iltään -iltänsä -eiltään -eiltänsä allative -illeen -illensä -eilleen -eillensä essive -inään -inänsä -einään -einänsä translative -ikseen -iksensä -eikseen -eiksensä abessive -ittään -ittänsä -eittään -eittänsä instructive — — comitative — -eineen -einensä
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Conflated:
-i
Formslative adverbs. aueta ( “ to open ” ) + -i → auki ( “ open ” ) ylä- ( “ upper, high ” ) + -i → yli ( “ over ” ) -i
Nominalizing suffix forming nouns from verbs -bàrà ( “ read ” ) + -i → mùbàrì ( “ reader ” ) -rwà ( “ fight ” ) + -i → mùrwì ( “ fighter ” ) From (especiallyAlemannic )Middle High German -ī Old High German -īn Proto-West Germanic *-īn ( diminutive suffix ) . Generalized in Modern German through pet names likeRudi Ruodī English -en chicken maiden
Not directly related with English-ie ,-y Old English -iġ Dutch -ie -je *-ikīn -chen /i/ has an onomatopoeic quality to it, which is likely to reinforce its development or preservation in diminutives.
-i ( informal )
Formspet names from given names,kinship terms, and terms of address. Hans -i → Hansi Papa ( “ dad, daddy ” ) + -i → Papi ( “ pops ” ) Schatz ( “ sweetheart, darling ” ) + -i → Schatzi ( endearing , sometimes derogatory ) Forms nouns from adjectives and verbs denoting someone characterized by that word. schlaff ( “ slack; weary ” ) + -i → Schlaffi ( “ weak, tired person ” ) ( derogatory ) brummen ( “ to hum ” ) + -i → Brummi ( “ rig, truck ” ) ( usually colloquial , sometimes derogatory ) Formsclippings , with a meaning of -ist ,-ian ,-an Sozialdemokrat -i → Sozi Nationalsozialist -i → Nazi Ostdeutscher -i → Ossi Westdeutscher -i → Wessi Amerikaner -i → Ami Österreicher -i → Ösi ( colloquial ) Formsclippings . Pullover -i → Pulli Schokolade -i → Schoki ( left-wing, rare , predominantly youth speak ) Formsgender-neutral nouns. Schüler -i → Schüli Mitbewohner -i → Mitbewohni This suffix is almost exclusively used as part of two-syllable words, with sounds from the second vowel onwards being clipped as needed. From various sources, chieflyHebrew ־י ( -ī ) ,Arabic ي ( -iyy ) ,Persian ـی ( -ī ) , andHindi -ई ( -ī ) .
-i
anunproductive ending ofnouns forSemitic andIndo-Iranian groups, especially peoples Irak -i → Iraki Israel -i → Israeli Pakistan -i → Pakistani -i
romanization of-𐌹 -i v-v? ,truncative?
Intransitivizes. Sometimes additive afterr stems.
Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of-i ,-nnig -ller -si errorsivoq ( “ wash clothes ” ) vs.erruivoq ( “ do dishes ” ) , both fromerrorpaa
Bjørnum, S.:Grønlandsk grammatik , pp. 67-68. Atuagkat 2003. Vestgrønlands Grammatik Adjective-forming suffix.
-i
( adjective-forming suffix ) proper nouns , certaincommon nouns andpostpositions to formadjectives : names of places (toponyms )Amerika ( “ America ” ) + -i → amerikai ( “ American ” ) names of people (anthroponyms , thuseponyms )Freud ( “ Freud ” ) + -i → freudi ( “ Freudian ” ) certain common nounsváros ( “ city ” ) + -i → városi ( “ urban ” ) kémia ( “ chemistry ” ) + -i → kémiai ( “ chemical ” ) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)az ablak alatt ( “ under the window” ) + -i → az ablakalatti szék ( “ the chair under the window ” ) Final-o and-ö (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to-ó and-ő .[ 1] Oslo osló i ( “ Oslovian ” ) Malmö malmő i ( “ Malmö-based ” ) Victor Hugo →Victor Hugó -i ( “ Hugolian, Hugonian, Hugoesque ” ) If the suffix-i were to follow word-final-i , only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).[ 2] [ 3] Helsinki helsinki ( “ Helsinkian ” ) Zamárdi ( a town in Somogy County, Hungary ) →zamárdi ( “ from Zamárdi ” ,in theory, it could also derive from a non-existent *Zamárd ) The other word-final short vowels (a, e, u, ü ) remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).Prága ( “ Prague ” ) →prága i ( “ Praguian ” ) Goethe goethe i ( “ Goethean ” ) Peru peru i ( “ Peruvian ” ) Öskü ( a village in Veszprém County, Hungary ) →öskü i ( “ from Öskü ” ) The fact that word-finala ande remain short before theadjective-forming -i often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end ina ande , e.g.forma i ( “ formal ” ) andformá i ( “ his/her/its forms ” ) ormegye i ( “ county-level ” ) andmegyé i ( “ his/her/its counties ” ) . Names with a fleeting vowel :Eger egri -halom Szigethalom szigethalmi Names ending in-falu Leányfalu leányfalui ; in the vernacular,leányfalusi may be heard; and forms likeleányfalvi are increasingly rare.[ 4] Names ending in a possessive suffix such as-falva -halma -háza -földe földje ),-telke nyíregyházai fromNyíregyháza a ande tend to be dropped (e.g.nyíregyházi ). The drawback of the latter is that the original form cannot be established (asnyíregyházi could theoretically derive from a non-existent*Nyíregyház ).[ 4] For non–proper noun elements with a possessive suffix, native speakers often have a hard time trying to add this suffix, e.g. whether the last element of(Erzsébet királyné) útja (Örs vezér) tere úti téri útjai terei [ 4] Possessive plural.
-i
possessive suffix for multiple possessions ( with no noun for possessor ) his ,her ,its ……-s ( third-person singular; the pronounő ( “ s/he ” ) being optional for emphasis ) kapu ( “ gate ” ) →a kapui ( “ his /her /its gates ” ) ,az ő kapui ( “ his/her gates ” ) érme ( “ coin ” ) →az érméi ( “ his /her /its coins ” ) ,az ő érméi ( “ his/her coins ” ) ( with no noun for possessor, formal ) your ……-s ( second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg. ) kapu ( “ gate ” ) →a kapui ( “ your [formal] gates ” ) ,az ön kapui , a maga kapui ( “ your [formal] gates ” ) construed witha noun or certain pronouns as the possessor: ……’s ……-s , ……-s of ……( third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun ) az ember(nek a) kapui the person’s gates a gyerek(nek az) érméi the child’s coins az emberek(nek a) kapui the people’s gates a gyerekek(nek az) érméi the children’s coins az önök kapui , a maguk kapui your (plural, formal) gates azok(nak a) kapui the gates of those ki(k)nek az érméi ? whose coins ? (possessive suffix ) Variants:-i -i . Final-a changes to-á- ; final-e changes to-é- . The latter feature distinguishes it from the-i ( adjective-forming suffix ) , which does not lengthen the preceding-a/-e. -ai -ei -jai -i -jei -i If the possessed noun is in the plural and the possessor is expressed in English with a possessive pronoun only (rather than a noun), e.g. “their toys ” (as opposed to “the children’s toys”), the-ik/-aik/-eik/-jaik/-jeik Personal suffix.
-i
( personal suffix ) Forms thedefinite third-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood). kér ( “ to request ” ) + -i → kéri ( “ he/she asks him/her or for that thing,he/she is asking him/her or for that thing” ) ( personal suffix ) See harmonic variants in the table below. Present tense definite – personal endings
Diminutive suffix.
-i
( diminutive suffix ) Added to nouns or theirclipped form; mostly used by the younger generation or in informal conversations. fagylalt fagyi ( “ ice cream ” ) See-e
-i
( dialectal , except for some set forms) alternative form of-e ( third-person singular single-possession possessive suffix ) se szeri , se száma (instead ofszere [ 5] ( dialectal , except for some set forms) alternative form of-é ( combining form of the above ) ízi ben a mindeni t tövi ről hegyi re jószeri vel frissi ben dögi vel bővi ben sebti ben feli be /föli be köri be közi be (instead of standardízé ben a mindené t tövé ről hegyé re jószeré vel frissé ben ( uncommon ) ,dögé vel ( uncommon ) ,bővé ben sebté ben felé be /fölé be köré be/köré je közé be/közéje/közé [ 5] ^ Section 216 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás →ISBN ^ Section 173 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás →ISBN ^ Section 215 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás →ISBN ↑4.0 4.1 4.2 Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors.Nyelvművelő kéziszótár →ISBN ↑5.0 5.1 birtokos személyjelek alaki változatai [“form variants of possessive suffixes”] in Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors.Nyelvművelő kéziszótár →ISBN FromOld Norse -i Proto-Germanic *-į̄ Gothic -𐌴𐌹 ( -ei ) .
-i f noun-forming suffix ,genitive singular -i no plural )
a nominal suffix, forming abstract nouns Declension of-i (sg-only feminine ) singular indefinite definite nominative -i -in accusative -i -ina dative -i -inni genitive -i -innar
Borrowed fromItalian -i Russian -и ( -i ) . Also fromEnglish -i
-i
-s ;marks the plural form of nouns, by replacing the-o libro ( “ book ” ) + -i → libri ( “ books ” ) Inherited fromMalay -i Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i ( local transitive suffix )
-i (non-active/imperative/basic -i active meng- -i passive di- -i
verbal suffix for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from anoun transitive verbal suffix forcausation insurface of the object from anadjective transitive verbal suffix fordoing activity to the object from atransitive verb transitive locative imperative verbal suffix from anoun to apply or give [base] to the objectHormati orang tua! ―honour/respect parent! to remove [base] from the objectkuliti ―(de)skin, peel transitive adverbial imperative verbal suffix from anoun Sutradarai film ini! ―Direct this movie! (literally, “Become the producer of this film! ”)This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final-i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅ ). Thus,beli ( “ to buy ” ) does not derive into*belii , although-in beliin ( “ buy it! ” ) . Other examples includecari *carii ) andcapai *capaii ). When this suffix is combined with the prefixesmeng- di- ter- ke- FromMalay -i Arabic nisba suffixـِيّ ( -iyy ) .
-i
adjective suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”) “-i ”, inKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language Agency for Language Development and Cultivation –Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia ,2016 Anton Moedardo Moeliono ; Hans Lapoliwa; Hasan Alwi; Sry Satrya Tjatur Wisnu Sasangka; Sugiyono (1988 ),Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia [Standard Indonesian Grammar 2017 ,→ISBN -i (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix )
used with a stem to form thesecond-person singular present of regular-are -ere -ire used with a stem to form the second-personimperative of -ere verbs used with a stem to form the first-, second- and third-person singularpresent subjunctive of-are used with a stem to form the third-person singular imperative of -are verbs There are two competing theories:
FromLatin -ī -us From Latin-ōs -os >-oi >-i (compare the pronounvi -i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix )
used to form the plural of nouns ending in-o There are two competing theories:
Formed analogically by borrowing the-i -o Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural-ēs -es >-ei >-i (compare etymology 1 above). -i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix )
used to form the plural of nouns ending in-e Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending-ī -us
-i m or f by sense noun-forming suffix ,invariable
forms surnames from proper names, occupations, etc. Giacomo ( “ James, Jacob ” ) + -i → Giacomi ( surname ) Giacometto ( “ Jim, Jake ” ) + -i → Giacometti ( surname ) ferraro ( “ smith ” ) + -i → Ferrari ( surname ) -i
Rōmaji transcription ofい FromProto-Bantu *-ì
-i
used for creation of agent nouns FromProto-Italic *-ai
-ī
Used for thefirst person present perfect singular form of any regular verb. Unknown. CompareProto-Celtic *-ī Proto-Italic *-os Proto-Indo-European *-os
-ī
genitive / locative singular of-us for second-declension nouns. genitive masculine / neuter singular of-us for first/second-declension adjectives. ( uncommon ) genitive feminine singular of-us for first/second-declension adjectives. From thepronominal declension [ 1] -es
-ī
nominative / vocative plural of-us for mostsecond-declension nouns. nominative / vocative masculine plural of-us forfirst /second-declension adjectives. -ī
dative / ablative singular of-ēs See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.
-ī
dative singular of-s ablative neuter singular of-s ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995 ),New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN 261 -i
romanization of-𐌉 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ì ( “ agent noun suffix” ) .
-i
Formsagent nouns from verbs .FromProto-Finnic *-inën
-i
Forms adjectives, mainly from nouns or sometimes other adjectives. Forms diminutives from nouns. Words from this suffix generally belong toLEL declension classes 189–202.
O'Rourke, Patrick.Analogical development of Livonian i-adjectives . Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri 16(2). 2025. FromProto-Finnic *-ja Finnish -ja Estonian -ja
-i
Used to formagent nouns from verbs ;-er back vowel harmonic front vowel harmonic Declension of-i (Type 19/lugii ) singular plural nominative -i -jat genitive -jan -join ,-jiin partitive -jua -joi ,-jii illative -jah -joih ,-jiih inessive -jas -jois ,-jiis elative -jaspäi -joispäi ,-jiispäi allative -jale -joile ,-jiile adessive -jal -joil ,-jiil ablative -jalpäi -joilpäi ,-jiilpäi translative -jakse -joikse ,-jiikse essive -jannu -joinnu ,-jiinnu abessive -jattah -joittah ,-jiittah comitative -janke -joinke ,-jiinke instructive -join ,-jiin prolative -jači
Declension of-i (Type 20/keittäi ) singular plural nominative -i -jät genitive -jän -jöin ,-jiin partitive -jiä -jöi ,-jii illative -jäh -jöih ,-jiih inessive -jäs -jöis ,-jiis elative -jäspäi -jöispäi ,-jiispäi allative -jäle -jöile ,-jiile adessive -jäl -jöil ,-jiil ablative -jälpäi -jöilpäi ,-jiilpäi translative -jäkse -jöikse ,-jiikse essive -jänny -jöinny ,-jiinny abessive -jättäh -jöittäh ,-jiittäh comitative -jänke -jöinke ,-jiinke instructive -jöin ,-jiin prolative -jäči
-y ( after “hard” consonants ) FromProto-Slavic *-jь
-i
suffix creating an adjective from a noun, denoting ‘of or pertaining to’ FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i Proto-Austronesian *-i
-i (Lontara spelling ᨕᨗ
suffix forming transitive verbs FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ia
-i (Lontara spelling ᨕᨗ
he ,him ,she ,it ,they ,them (third person singular and plural )IPA (key ) : /-i/ ( after a consonant ) IPA (key ) : [-i] ( etymology 1; after a vowel ) IPA (key ) : [-ʔi] Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i ( local transitive suffix ) .
-i (Jawi spelling ـي active meng- -i 3rd person passive di- -i
Gives acausitive meaning or a meaning of causing something to form imperative transitive verbs. hamba ( “ slave ” ) + -i → hambai ( “ enslave ” ) baik ( “ good ” ) + -i → baiki ( “ to make something good; to fix ” ) Gives alocative meaning, that is, of stating a locational element to imperative verbs .tumpah ( “ to fall out ” ) + -i → tumpahi ( “ fall onto ” ) dekat ( “ close, near ” ) + -i → dekati ( “ get closer or nearer to; to approach ” ) This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final-i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅ ). Thus,beli ( “ to buy ” ) does not derive into*belii . ( first sense, generally before an inanimate object, but not always ) -kan Borrowed fromArabic nisba suffixـِيّ ( -iyy ) .
-i (Jawi spelling ـي
Forms adjectives related to certain base words of Arabic or Persian origin. abad ( “ century ” ) + -i → abadi ( “ eternal, everlasting ” ) bahar ( “ sea ” ) + -i → bahari ( “ sea-related ” ) firdaus i →firdausi (“paradisiacal”)hakikat ( “ reality, fact ” ) + -i → hakiki ( “ true ” ) maghrib i →maghribi (“western”)Habsyah ( “ Abyssinia (obs.), Ethiopia (mod.) ” ) + -i → Habsyi ( “ Ethiopian ” ) Qibt + -i →Qibti Rum ( “ Rome ” ) + -i → Rumi ( “ Roman ” ) Syatibah (“Xàtiva ”) + -i →Syatibi setabense ”)Borrowed fromEnglish -ee Middle English -ee -ē Anglo-Norman Old French -ee French -é -ée -er
-i (Jawi spelling ـي
( obsolete , unproductive) -ee .francaisi ―franchisee Hashim Haji Musa, Nik Safiah Karim, Farid M. Onn, & Abdul Hamid Mahmood. (2008).Tatabahasa dewan (Edisi Ketiga.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. FromArabic ـِيّ ( -iyy ) .
-i m feminine -ija plural -in
a derivational suffix, chiefly creating adjectives from nouns Note that Romance adjectives in-i are treated differently and do not inflect. Borrowed fromSicilian -i -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number ofbroken plurals happen to end in this vowel, comparetieqa twieqi , etc.
-i
a common plural suffix used in nouns and adjectives in -u numru ( “ number ” ) + -i → numri ( “ numbers ” ) illużorju ( “ illusory ” ) + -i → illużorji used in some nouns in -a, chiefly ones of Romance origin frawla ( “ strawberry ” ) + -i → frawli ( “ strawberries ” ) qawsalla ( “ rainbow ” ) + -i → qawsalli ( “ rainbows ” ) used in some nouns and adjectives in a consonant, chiefly ones of Romance origin frisk ( “ fresh ” ) + -i → friski -i
alternative form of-ien ( infinitival suffix ) -i
alternative form of-y -i
alternative form of-yf (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-i
Forms relative clauses in which thereferent isfemale . Used to form female given names. Coordinate term: -a -i
Used to form transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or nouns -i
Used to give theprospective aspect to verbs Štěpán Pavlík (2017 ),The Description of Namuzi Language [3] 49 FromLatin -īre fourth conjugation verbs.
-i
( Jersey ) A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs. FromProto-Samic *-jē Finnish -ja
-i (with odd-syllable stems -eaddji
Forms agent nouns from verbs. This suffix triggers thestrongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable. When attached to verbs in-ut , the suffix becomes-u
FromProto-Samic *-jëj
-i
Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something. geađgi ( “ stone ” ) + -i → geađgái ( “ stony ” ) vuodja ( “ fat ” ) + -i → vuddjii ( “ rich in fat ” ) This suffix triggers thestrongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable. Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonantj , and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the-i .
(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-i
The ending of the illative singular case. This suffix triggers thestrong grade on a preceding stressed syllable. When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form-s- (for even-syllable stems) or-sa- (for odd-syllable stems).
-i
(non-standard since2012 )Used to formpast participle ofstrong verbs. (non-standard since2012 )Used to form singulardefinite form for strong feminine nouns. (non-standard since2012 )Used to form plural definite form for neuter nouns. (non-standard since2012 )Used to form feminine singularindefinite form for many adjectives. (non-standard since2012 )Used to form neuter singular indefinite form for many adjectives. -i
be such a number, such an amount -i
occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai) -i
occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii) -i
occurs in some uninflected words, including preverbs Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-i Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īˀ Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂
-i f
forms feminine form of Nt-participles jsa -i → jsúci prosě -i → prosieci forms feminine form of S-participles byv -i → byvši řek -i → řekši forms feminine form of short comparatives lepí -i → lepši mlazí -i → mlazši -i f noun-forming suffix )
( rare ) forms female equivalent of nouns host -i → hosti chot -i → choti Declension of-i (i-stem )
singular dual plural nominative -i -i -i genitive -i -ú -í dative -i -ma -em accusative -i -i -i vocative -i -i -i locative -i -ú -ech instrumental -ú -ma -mi
This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
-i
alternative form of-iġ FromProto-West Germanic *-ī Proto-Germanic *-į̄
-ī
productive suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjectivesmanag ( “ many ” ) + -i → menigī ,managī ( “ crowd, amount ” ) tiuf ( “ deep ” ) + -i → tiufī ( “ depth ” ) finstar ( “ dark ” ) + -i → finstrī ,finstarī ( “ darkness ” ) hōh ( “ high ” ) + -i → hōhī ( “ height ” ) lang ( “ long ” ) + -i → lengī ( “ length ” ) breit ( “ broad ” ) + -i → breitī ( “ breadth ” ) FromProto-Germanic *-īniz Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 ( -eins ) .
-ī
non-productive suffix used to form action nouns from weak verbs toufen ( “ to baptise ” ) + -i → toufī ( “ baptism ” ) wellen ( “ to choose ” ) + -i → welī ( “ choice ” ) In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with-unga
Female n-declension
-i (suffixed pronoun
him it ( object pronoun ) This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in-(e)a , 1st person plural forms in-mi , and 3rd person plural forms in-(a)it , the suffix-it
Old Irish affixed pronouns See
Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person infixed suffixed class A class B class C 1sg m- L dom- L ,dam- L -um 2sg t- L dot- L ,dat- L ,dut- L ,dit- L -ut 3sg m a- N ,e- N d- N id- N ,did- N ,d- N -i -it 3sg f s- (N) da- -us 3sg n a- L ,e- L d- L id- L ,did- L ,d- L -i -it 1pl n- don- dun- dan- -unn 2pl b- dob- dub- dab- -uib 3pl s- (N) da- -us
L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.
FromProto-Germanic *-į̄ Gothic -𐌴𐌹 ( -ei ) .
-i f
-th ;forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective Declension of-i īn -stem, singular only) feminine singular indefinite definite nominative -i -in accusative -i -ina dative -i -inni genitive -i -innar
FromProto-Germanic *-ô Gothic -𐌰 ( -a ) .
-i m
forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base Synonyms: -andi -ari -ir From a conflation of several older dative singular suffixes:
Ina -stems, fromProto-Norse -ᛖ ( -ē ) , fromProto-Germanic *-ai Proto-Indo-European *-oey *-oy *-os ( a -stem suffix) +*-ey ( dative singular suffix ) or*-i ( locative singular suffix ) . Inu -stems, fromProto-Norse -ᛁᚢ ( -iu ) , fromProto-Germanic *-iwi Proto-Indo-European *-ewi *-us ( u -stem suffix) +*-i ( locative singular suffix ) . Inīn -stems, fromProto-Norse *-ᛁᚾ ( -īn ) , fromProto-Germanic *-īni *-ī ( ī /jō -stem suffix) +*-ani ( an -stem dative singular suffix) . -i
a -/u -/īn -stemindefinite dative singular suffixsteinn ( “ stone ” ) + -i → steini ( “ to the stone ” ) Inherited fromProto-Germanic *-inz Proto-Indo-European *-ims ( i -stem accusative plural) , from*-is ( i -stem suffix) +*-ms ( accusative plural suffix ) .
-i
masculinei -stemindefinite accusative plural suffix bekkr ( “ bank ” ) + -i → bekki ( “ banks ” ) Icelandic:-i Faroese:-i ( Suðuroy, obsolete ) [ 1] Middle Norwegian:-i -e Elfdalian:-i Old Swedish:-i -e Old Gutnish:-e Old Danish:-æ -e Inherited fromProto-Slavic *-ьjь
-i
forms adjectives from nouns, usually possessive (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-i
Feminine agreement suffix Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011 ), “-i”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[4] →ISBN Inherited fromOld Polish -i
-i m
forms masculine adjectives meaning "belonging to", especially for animals koza -i → kozi kot -i → koci pies -i → psi forms masculine adjectives derived from prepositional phrases noga -i → beznogi -i in Polish dictionaries at PWN-i (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix )
a suffix indicating the inflection of-ir first-person singular preterite indicative second-person plural imperative -ei -ai -i
Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic feminine nouns Forms the nominative feminine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular feminine past tense of intransitive verbs Inherited fromLatin -ī ( “ second-declension plural ending ” ) .
-i
Used to formplurals This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both): lup -i → lupi tată -i → tați fiu -i → fii frate -i → frați Inherited fromLatin illī ille
-i m
( definite article ) the ( masculine plural,nominative andaccusative ) This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.
-l ( masculine/neuter singular nominative and accusative ) -a ( feminine singular nominative and accusative ) -le ( feminine plural nominative and accusative ) -lui ( masculine/neuter singular genitive and dative ) -ei ( feminine singular genitive and dative ) -lor ( plural genitive and dative ) Inherited fromLatin -īre , the ending of the present active infinitive form offourth conjugation verbs. Cognate withSpanish French -ir Italian -ire
-i
A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs. Most verbs with infinitives in-i are marked by the once-inchoative infix-esc- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs arevorbi ( “ to say ” ) andiubi ( “ to love ” ) . A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in-i but do not use the infix-esc- , and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbdormi ( “ sleep ” ) ,simți ( “ feel ” ) ,auzi ( “ hear ” ) . There is a variant form,-î , derived from the same Latin source. CategoryRomanian terms suffixed with -i (infinitive) not found
Frome ( “ is ” ) .
-i
is Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ì ( “ agent noun forming suffix” )
-i
Suffix for formingagent nouns from verbs FromProto-Samic *-jē
-i
Forms agent nouns from verbs. This noun needs aninflection-table template .
FromProto-Samic *-jëj
-i
Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something. Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonantj , and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.
This adjective needs aninflection-table template .
-i
( without TAM infix ) general negative marker sijui ―Idon't know 18th century , Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir,Al-Inkishafi [5] R. Allen (1946 ), “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, inAfrican Studies , volume 5, number 4,→DOI 243–249 11 :مُيُ وَاغُ نِنِ هُزُدُكَانِ ، لِكُغُرِيِلُ هِيْلَ نِنْنِ ، Moyo wangu nini huzundukani , likughuriyelo hela ni-n'ni? Soul, whynot awake? Hi! what is it that cheats you? Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in-a
Swahili TAM markers
Initial Final General (positive indicative):-a Positive subjunctive:-e Negative present:-i Second person plural:-ni Infix position positive subject concord Infix position negative subject concord Negative past:-ku- 1 Negative future:-ta- "Not yet":-ja- 1 Negative present conditional:-nge- Negative past conditional:-ngali- Relative 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require-ku- -kw-
Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ì
-i
suffix used in nominal forms of verbs, in conjunction with a noun class prefix -penda ( “ to love ” ) + -i → mpenzi ( “ lover ” ) -andika ( “ to write ” ) + -i → maandishi ( “ writing, script ” ) This suffix triggers spirantization of the preceding consonant
Original Spirantized k sh t s p f w v b v/z d, l, g, ∅ z nd nd/nz mb mb/mv/nz
Other consonants are left unchanged.
-i
-y ; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also-eri -i (verb-forming suffix ,Baybayin spelling ᜒ ( now dialectal , Batangas , Quezon , Marinduque )
imperative suffix, usually equivalent to-in / -an mo Buksi yung pinto! Open the door! Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ì Swahili -i Chichewa -i
-i
Formsagent nouns from verbs ( senses 1, 2, 3, and 6 ) IPA (key ) : [i] ( senses 4 and 5 ) IPA (key ) : [iː] FromOttoman Turkish ـی ( -i ) , fromProto-Turkic *-ni ( “ accusative suffix ” ) .
-i
Accusative suffixgelin -i → gelini Kitabı bana ver. Give methe book. Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـی ( -i ) , fromProto-Turkic *-si ( “ third-person singular possessive suffix ” ) .
-i
Third-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.ev ( “ house ” ) + -i → evi ( “ his/her/its house ” ) ofis ( “ office ” ) + -i → ofisi ( “ his/her/its office ” ) Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـی ( -i ) , fromProto-Turkic *-ig
preceding vowel a / ı e / i o / u ö / ü -ı -i -u -ü
-i
Suffix creating nouns from verbsver- ( “ to give ” ) + -i → veri ( “ datum ” ) diz- ( “ to align ” ) + -i → dizi ( “ sequence, set, series ” ) Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـی ( -î ) , fromArabic ـِيّ ( -iyy ) .
-i
Nisba suffix; creates adjectives. The alternative form-î is used when the resulting adjective would otherwise be identical to the definite accusative form (e.g.resim ( “ picture ” ) + -î → resmî ( “ official, formal ” ) , notresmi Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـی ( -i ) , fromPersian ـی
-i
Suffix creating abstract nouns from nouns or adjectives Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـِ (-i ), fromClassical Persian ـِ (-i ).
-i
theezafe particle -i
third-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant; also used to form definite accusative forms of nouns Bu kitobi . This isits book. Inherited fromProto-Bantu *-ì ( “ agent noun suffix ” ) .
-i
Formsagent nouns from verbs FromProto-Finnic *-ja
-i
-er ;forms agent nouns from verbs. When attached to a verb with a stem in-e- , this becomes-ii .
Adjectival/participal use of the agent noun suffix above.
-i
-ing ;forms the present active participle of verbs. When attached to a verb with a stem in-e- , this becomes-ii .
CategoryVeps present active participles not found
-i
Amorpheme used to mark theaccusative singular of aword (such as anoun orpronoun ).Dog beiton mani. / Mani beiton dog The dog bites the man. Mot löfof omi. / Omi löfof mot. (a.s., hicili, soni, u higaaporn). The mother loves him. (e.g. the (male) child, son, or (male) lovebird). FromProto-Brythonic *-i Proto-Celtic *-esa , plural ending of neuter s-stems like*tegos ( “ house ” ) (whenceWelsh tŷ tai *tegos , plural*tegesa ).[ 1] Cornish -i
-i
Pluralisation suffix Synonyms: -aid -aint -au -ed -edd -en -iadau -iaid -iau -ion -od -oedd -on -ydd -yr -ys plwyf ( “ parish ” ) + -i → plwyfi ( “ parishes ” ) maen ( “ stone ” ) + -i → meini ( “ stones ” ) toiled ( “ toilet ” ) + -i → toiledi ( “ toilets ” ) FromOld Welsh -im Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃
-i
Formsverbnouns from verb stems. Synonyms: -o -u This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonantw (though for some such verbs, such ascadw o ,oe , or sometimesa .[ 2]
-i
forming abstract nouns ,-ness ,-ment diog ( “ lazy ” ) + -i → diogi ( “ laziness ” ) truan ( “ poor, wretched ” ) + -i → trueni ( “ pity, shame ” ) tlawd ( “ poor ” ) + -i → tlodi ( “ poverty ” ) -i causes i-affection of internal vowels.
-i
used to form pet names Wil -i → Wili Siân -i → Siani mam ( “ mother, mum ” ) + -i → mami ( “ mummy ” ) -i
( literary ) verb suffix for thesecond-person singular present indicative /future ( colloquial ) verb suffix for thesecond-person singular future In the literary language,-i causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example,canu ( “ to sing ” ) + -i → ceni ( “ you sing, you will sing ” ) .
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995 ),Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi,page393 ^ Morris Jones, John (1913 ),A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative § 202 v Variant orthographies ALIV -i Brazilian standard -i New Tribes -i
Unknown; unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language,-i has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.
-i
marks a noun as possessed; used mostly with nouns referring to instruments, technologies, and manufactured products, and also with all loanwords -∅ ( allophone after diphthongali ) -i
forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. When it attaches to a stem that ends in a vowel followed byi , this suffix is unrealized (disappears).
The second sense can be readily distinguished from the first because it requires the distant-past third-person markerkün-
Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.
-i
forms the prohibitive mood When the patient/object of a verb with this suffix is third-person,or when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is second-person, it must also take the prefixön-
-i
forms the interrogative of the third-person formna ei Cáceres, Natalia (2011 ), “-i”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana [6] 112–113, 204–206, 213–222, 233, 440 FromProto-Bantu *-ì
-i
Formsagent nouns from verbs. The suffix replaces the-a inherent in the verb stem.
