YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
1996, Jon Orwant,Perl 5 Interactive Course,→ISBN, page679:
Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, inmicrosoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:
Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends ine (e.g.smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used withye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g.hogge for "hog",bidde for "bid", etc.).
As a rule of thumb,-e is used in nouns with final stress and-s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take-s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in-ere,-ers, and-ens.
A rather large number of plurals in-e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
A short stem vowel may be lengthened:skip(“ship”) + -e → skepe.
Final-d- may be replaced with-i-:pad(“path”) + -e → paaie.
As a rule of thumb,-e is used in polysyllabic adjectives except those ending in-er (includingcomparatives) and in monosyllabic adjectives that end in-f, -d, -s, -g, while others remain unchanged. However, there are various exceptions to this distribution. Several adjectives also allow both forms, sometimes with a tendency towards semantic distinction. For example, one usually says’n ryk man (“a rich man”, literally), but’n ryke kultuur (“a rich culture”, figuratively).
All adjectives, including normally uninflected ones, do take-e when they are used independently, that is without the referent noun following:’n arm land en ’n ryke(“a poor country and a rich one”). In such cases, the adjective also inflects for number:arm lande en rykes(“poor countries and rich ones”).
In the formation of the attributive form, irregularities similar to those described in etymology 1 above may occur, with the exception that vowel lengthening is not found in adjectives.
FromMiddle High German-en, from a merger of variousOld High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German-ōm,-ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*-mi.
In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is-e. It becomes-en before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to Frenchliaison). Optionally the same may also occur beforeh, d, t, z.
In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is-en, but the final-n is lost when followed by a consonantother thanh, d, t, z – a process calledEifeler Regel and also active inLuxembourgish.
These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes inpausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses thee-form as general lemma form forall dialects. The-n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.
Use in the feminine and plural of adjectives
The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix-e, whereas the neuter never does:enejode Mann(“a good man”),edeck Stöck(“a thick piece”). In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule inKölsch is that adjectives take-e only after voiceless stems:en decke Zupp(“a thick soup”), buten jot Zupp(“a good soup”) because the stem in the latter case isjod-. Exceptionally, the suffix-ig becomes-ije.
Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear-e after allobstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionallyen jode Zupp). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. Aftervowels andsonorants, true native speakers still avoid thee-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop-e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike thee-form entirely.
Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, before a feminine noun, or before masculine, feminine, and plural nouns in general.
The plural suffix-e derives from a merger of Old High German-a and-i. Neuters usually remained unchanged in the nominative and accusative plural. The spread of the suffix to the neuter occurred by analogy with the masculine, whose declension was otherwise identical. Moreover, there were neuters ending in-e already in the singular; this-e tended to be apocopated, leading to reinterpretation of the fuller form as the plural (e.g. Middle High Germanstücke > modernStück, pl.Stücke). Another mainly neuter plural suffix is-er, which see.
Umlaut originally occurred only when the Old High German ending had been-i, but from the High Middle Ages up to the present there has been a steady trend towards analogical expansion of umlaut in masculines, to the degree that umlautable monosyllables with umlautless plural have become rare (e.g.Hunde,Tage). In feminines, umlaut was seldom expanded, but the umlautless forms have switched to the weak suffix-en; therefore thee-plural in feminines is now always accompanied by umlaut (excepted are the suffixes-nis and-sal, both of which vary between feminine and neuter gender). Neuters are not umlauted (the only exception beingFloß).
(with a singularpossessor) …-'s,of …(third-person singular, single possession)
Anna háza(“Anna’s house”),a felkelő nap háza(“the houseof the rising sun”)Anna élete(“Anna’s life”),a város élete(“the lifeof the city”)a király palotája(“the king’s palace”)a ház kapuja(“the gateof the house”)Anna kertje(“Anna’s garden”),a tulipán kertje(“the gardenof the tulip”)
(with a plural possessor) …-s’,of …-s(third-person plural, single possession)
(personal suffix)[from the end of the 12th century]
Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix-ja/-je,-ta/-te.
tud →tudja(“he/she should know it (subjunctive mood)”)
kér(“to request, ask for sth”) →kérte(“he/she requested it”)
kér →kérje(“he/she should request it (subjunctive mood)”)
Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronounő(“he/she/it”).
tanulni(“to study”) →tanulnia kell(“he/she must study”, literally“it is necessary for him/her to study”)
kérni(“to request, ask for”) →kérnie kell(“he/she must request [it]”, literally“it is necessary for him/her to request”)
-a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
-e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
-ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final-a changes to-á-; final-o changes to-ó-.
-je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final-e changes to-é-; final-ö changes to-ő-.
This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-personsingular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-personplural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball”(a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see-juk andits variants).
Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? /Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
(Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include-e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of-e could be removed without changing the meaning.)
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use-e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of thepredicate of the phrase.
(personal suffix,archaic)Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is-a. The suffix currently used in this place is-t,-tt,-ett or-ött. For the full paradigm, see theusage template.
(whether, if):-e in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.
(whether, if):-e in Nóra Ittzés, editor,A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031(work in progress; publisheda–ez as of 2024).
1) obsolete *) theaccusative corresponds with either thegenitive (sg) ornominative (pl) **) thecomitative is formed by adding the suffix-ka? or-kä? to thegenitive.
1) obsolete *) theaccusative corresponds with either thegenitive (sg) ornominative (pl) **) thecomitative is formed by adding the suffix-ka? or-kä? to thegenitive.
Emphatic suffixes are added to nouns modified by a possessive determiner to emphasize the possessor; to verbs, predicate adjectives, and predicate nouns to emphasize the subject; and to inflected prepositions to emphasize the object.
FromOld Irish-e, fromProto-Celtic*-yās, fromProto-Indo-European*-yeh₂-s. Replaced*-ās inā-stems in Proto-Goidelic. For example, Old Irishtúaithe(genitive singular oftúath) is from an apparent*tout(i)yās, replacing original genitive singular*toutās; contrast with nominative/vocative pluraltúatha, which is from nominative/vocative plural*toutās.
From a variety ofOld Irish nominative and accusative plural endings including-i in masculine and femininei-stems and in feminineī-stems,-e in neuteri-stems, and-ea in some consonant stems; from variousProto-Celtic endings.
This suffix is mostly only added to monosyllabic adjectives, though especially in Early Middle English, it is often also found with disyllabic adjectives which either end in/əl/,/əm/,/ən/,/ər/, end in/iː/ and have a short root syllable, or which are stressed on the final syllable; in the first case, the/ə/ of the root's second syllable is dropped when the suffix is added. Conversely, its use tends to be abandoned even after monosyllabic adjectives in later Middle English due to the gradual disappearance of final/ə/; it is never found in Northern Middle English, where final/ə/ has been lost even in the first literary records.
In varieties of early Middle English which preserve grammatical gender, this suffix is restricted to either masculine or neuter adjectives as a strong dative singular (Old English-um >-an) and to feminine adjectives when used as a strong accusative singular (Old English-e), though it is often lost here due to the effacement of the distinction between nominative and accusative cases in nouns.
Like the plural suffix-es, this suffix tends to induce stem alternations.
Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “V. Grammar”, inThe dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica;130),The Hague:Mouton,→OCLC,§ 50, pages179-181.
Mossé, Fernand (1952), “VII. Adjectives and Numerals”, in James A. Walker, transl.,A Handbook of Middle English[3], I. Grammar: Part Two. The Forms,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press, translation ofManuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French),→OCLC,§ 74,page64.
Rather than being a true dative (i.e. a case marking the indirect object), the Middle English dative usually marks the object of a preposition.
The dative singular ending is never compulsory in Middle English and is progressively given up over the course of the period; becoming mostly restricted to fixed phrases after the Early Middle English period. At all stages, its optionality allows it to strategically deployed in poetry to meet metrical requirements. As with the adjectival suffix-e, the absence of final/ə/ in Northern Middle English means it is not found there.
Allen, Cynthia (13 November 2008), “4. Genitive case in Middle English”, inGenitives in Early English: Typology and Evidence,Oxford University Press,→DOI,→ISBN,§ 4.2.1, page130.
This ending is mostly found before 1350 and restricted to nouns which had itsetymon-a in Old English, especially if they are semantically inanimate;[2] during the Middle English period,-ene and especially-es spread at its expense.
^Myers, Sara (26 November 2014), “Chapter 2: Genitive Plural Nouns”, in An investigation of certain aspects of the genitive noun phrase in Middle English (1150-1500) (Thesis)[1],University of Edinburgh,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on2025-08-22, § 2.5.1, page 46.
Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017),A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[4], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page195
Likely borrowed from the subjunctive singularProto-West Germanic*-ē after high vowelapocope resulted in the loss of inheritedProto-West Germanic*-u in heavy stem verbs, and then analogically extended to light stem verbs.
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:
The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or-nd-.
The consonant(s) are-mb-,-ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.
Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an/e/ or/i/ between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.
This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in-ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural-uri):
Inherited fromLatin-et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, andLatin-it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.
Inherited fromLatin-em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, andLatin-et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
Inherited fromLatin-ē,Latin-e, andLatin-ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
(without TAM infix, with-si-, or with-ka-)subjunctive marker
ili mwende nyumbani ―such that youwould go home
18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir,Al-Inkishafi[6], translation fromR. Allen (1946), “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, inAfrican Studies, volume 5, number 4,→DOI, pages243–249, stanza11:
Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefixt- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argumentw-, transitive agentn-, or transitive patient∅-).
Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the purpose of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate:in order to, for thepurpose of,to,for
This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form-ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset ofk,-ye when the preceding syllable ends ini,-e when it ends inu orü or a reduced syllable, and-∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a,e,o,ö).
It is unclear ift- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefixt- and adverbializing suffix-e.
The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.
