FromMiddle Korean-고〮 (Yale:-kwó), probably fromOld Korean遣, although the phonology is potentially problematic.[1] WhileOld Korean遣 corresponds exactly toMiddle Korean-고〮 (Yale:-kwó) in terms of grammar, the Middle Chinese pronunciation is遣 (MC khjienX|khjienH), which does not sound like-고〮 (Yale:-kwó).
In any case,Old Korean古(*-kwo) is also, albeit rarely, attested as a connective suffix;[1] either遣 and古 are different orthographies of the same suffix (more likely), or the latter subsumed the role of the former. In Middle KoreanIdu script,遣 always denotes-고〮 (Yale:-kwó).
Contracted from하고(hago,“that”,used to quote speech, literally“[one] said, and...”), hence formally identical to the connective suffix above. First attested widely in theIldong Jang'yu-ga (日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가), 1763, and other mid-eighteenth-century works.[2][3]
The king commanded the ministerto take his own life.
In theintimate style, a particle attached to verbs to request confirmation of what the speaker has just heard; by extension, can express surprise about what they have just heard.
내가먹었다고? ―nae-ga meog-eot-da-go? ―Did you say I ate it?
나도갔냐고? ―na-do gan-nya-go? ―Did you ask if I went too?
거기로가자고요? ―geogi-ro ga-ja-go-yo? ―Did you say we should go there?
어디가라고요? ―eodi ga-ra-go-yo? ―Wheredid you say I should go?
In theintimate style, a particle attached to verbs to emphasize that the speaker is repeating something they have just said; by extension, can be used to express emphasis or annoyance even if one is not actually repeating something.
고(-go) neutralizesspeech level and formality distinctions, and other nuances of the mood-marking suffixes, to the basic suffixes of the"plain style":-다(-da),-라(-ra),-냐(-nya),-으라(-eura), and-자(-ja).
Hence declarative sentences are quoted as-다고(-dago) or-라고(-rago), interrogative sentences as-냐고(-nyago), imperative sentences as-으라고(-eurago), andhortative sentences as-자고(-jago), regardless of speech level.
Shortened from Middle Korean-고〮져〮 (Yale:-kwócyé, verbal suffix expressing intent),[4] perhaps under the influence of the auxiliary-joining suffix. This resulted in a change of the primary meaning of싶다(sipda), from "to seem to be about to do" to "to want".
FromMiddle Korean-고 (Yale:-kwó), fromOld Korean古(*-kwo). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence-ㄴ고(-n'go) and-ㄹ꼬(-lkko).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below.
↑1.01.1김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019), “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo yeon'gyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje,The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, inGugyeol Yeon'gu, volume43, pages55–87
^안주호 [anjuho] (2003), “인용문과 인용표지의 문법화에 대한 연구 [inyongmun'gwa inyongpyojiui munbeophwa'e daehan yeon'gu,A study on quotative sentences and the grammaticalization of quotation markers in Korean]”, inDamhwa-wa inji, volume10, pages145—165
