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-'s

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:'sandAppendix:Variations of "s"

English

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For the contracted (clitic) uses of’s, see's.
It has been requested that this entry bemerged with's(+).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Request for audio pronunciationThis entry needs anaudio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, pleaserecord this word. The recorded pronunciationwill appear here when it's ready.

Etymology 1

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FromMiddle English-s,-es, fromOld English-es(“-'s”,masculine and neuter genitive singular ending), fromProto-Germanic*-as,*-is(masculine and neuter genitive singular ending). Cognate withDutch-s,-es(“-'s”),German-s,-es(“-'s”),Danish-s,-es(“-'s”),Swedish-s(“-'s”),Norwegian-s(“-'s”),Icelandic-s(“-'s”).

Suffix

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The templateTemplate:en-suffix does not use the parameter(s):
1=2=enclitic
Please seeModule:checkparams for help with this warning.

-'s(enclitic)

  2. A possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun or noun phrase bearing the marker.
    Jane's house is bigger than Sarah's.
    The cat bit the dog's tail.(the dog + 's)
    The cat bit the dog with the shaggy fur's tail.(the dog with the shaggy fur + 's)
    women's contributions to science
    • 2012 April 15, Phil McNulty, “Tottenham 1-5 Chelsea”, inBBC‎[1]:
      Before kick-off, a section of Chelsea's support sadly let themselves and their club down by noisily interrupting the silence held in memory of the Hillsborough disaster and for Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, who collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack during a Serie B game on Saturday.
  3. In the absence of a specified object, used to indicate “the house/place/establishment of”.
    We'll arrive at Jose and María'sin time for dinner.
    I'm going to the butcher's for a steak.
    I bought it at Tesco's.(sees-form)
    greengrocer's
  4. Indicates a purpose or a user.
    You need a driver's license.
    Alex can be a girl's name.
    That's a girl's toy.(A toy intended for use by girls.) — Homographic to: That's a girl's toy.(The toy of a specific girl.)
    people's
  5. Used to indicate a quantity of something, especially of time.
    I took three weeks' holiday.
    The rocks lay at about a mile's distance from the shore.
  6. Used to indicate various other kinds of relationship, such as source or origin, object of an action, subject depicted, etc.
    She got angry at my niece's trying to lie to us.
    the doctor's help(help provided by the doctor)
    the King's capture(event of the King being captured)
    my father's portrait(portrait depicting my father)
    in Dublin's fair city(in the fair city of Dublin)
  7. (see usage notes)Attached to a noun or noun phrase linked to a genitiveof, forming a double genitive (Compareof mine, etc.)
    a friend of Sarah's
    Have you heard this new idea of our boss's?
Usage notes
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  • Irregular plurals with endings other than ‘s’ (e.g.children) always take’s:the children’s voices.
  • Words ending ins are made possessive in various ways. Consider:[1]
    • Withregularplurals, theapostrophe is placed at the end, i.e.-s' is used (the dogs’ tails, whereas forsingular ‘dog’,the dog’s tail).
    • The possessives of names which end ins may be formed using either this suffix (-'s) orbare-' (which see for more). Hence:St. James’s orSt. James’,Chris's orChris',Jesus's orJesus'. TheAmerican Heritage Dictionary (under the entry "possessive") prescribes restricting this to words or names of at least two syllables, such aswitness'; in practice, it is found on names of any length, even one syllable. The suffixes used will alter the word's pronunciation; for example:[2]Dickens’ novel/dɪkɪnz nɒvəl/ (identically to(a) Dickens novel),Dickens’s novel/dɪkɪnzɪz nɒvəl/.
  • To remedy ambiguity or awkwardness in either speech or print, possessives can generally be recast usingof:the tails of the dogs,the paths of St. James.
  • When referring to joint possession by multiple people, the standard, formal way to form the possessive isJack’s and Jill’s pails. However, it is common to treat the pair of names as a noun phrase and to form the possessive of this whole unit instead, using only one’s:Jack and Jill’s pails. When the possession is not joint (i.e., each possessor has their own possession), the possessiveness is signaled for each possessor; for example,Jack’s and Jill’s pails were leaky and watertight, respectively.
    • In joint possession, when one of the possessors is represented by apossessive pronoun rather than their name, the possessiveness is standardly signaled for each; for example,Jack’s and her pails were leaky. When thefirst person orsecond person is used, although forms such as "John andI’s car" for "John’s and my car" aredescriptively not rare, they arenonstandard and are grating to some ears; they are thusprescriptively often avoided.
  • The use of’s to make nouns or noun phrases genitive that are seemingly already marked thus byof is widespread in English. It is nearly exclusively used with animate nouns. Its redundancy may often seem unnecessary but sometimes can clarify meaning and in some cases even has no idiomatic alternative; more at Wikipedia atdouble genitive.
  • Nouns that look and sound identical in the singular and plural still do when this suffix is attached, so “onemoose” becomes “one moose’s” and “two moose” becomes “two moose’s”.
Synonyms
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Descendants
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  • → Korean:-스(-seu)
Translations
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possessive marker
the house/place/establishment of

Etymology 2

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Equivalent to-s, with addition of apostrophe.

Suffix

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-'s

  1. (sometimes proscribed) Used to form the plurals ofnumerals,letters, someabbreviations and some nouns, usually because the omission of an apostrophe would make the meaning unclear or ambiguous.
    There are four 3’s in my phone number.
    “Banana” has three a’s and one b.(apostrophe "s" used so that the plural of “a” is not confused with the word “as”)
    You can buy CD’s in that shop.
    These are the do’s and don’ts.(apostrophe "s" used as “dos” may be misread)
    10’s;100’s;A+’s;A.U.’s;don’t’s;s’s
  2. (obsolete) Used to form plurals of foreign words, to clarify pronunciation, such as “banana’s” or “pasta’s”.[3]
    index’s
  3. (proscribed) Used to form the plural of nouns that correctly take just an "s" in the plural. Seegreengrocer’s apostrophe.
    Apple’s 50p a pound
Usage notes
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  • The use of’s to form plurals of initialisms or numerals is not currently recommended by most authorities, except when the meaning would otherwise be unclear. The use in foreign words was common before the 19th century, but is no longer accepted.[3] The use of the apostrophe in any other plural (as in “apple’s”) — the so-called “greengrocer’s apostrophe” — is proscribed.
Coordinate terms
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Translations
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-s—see-s

See also

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References

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  1. ^William Strunk &E. B. White,The Elements of Style (1972),page 1
  2. ^Learning English: Use of the apostrophe
  3. ↑3.03.1Truss, Lynn.Eats, Shoots & Leaves. pp. 63–65.

Afrikaans

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Suffix

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-'s (clitic)

  1. contraction ofis
    Julle's almal die selfde. ―You're all the same.
    Hier's wat ek jou kan vertel. ―Here's what I can tell you.

Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-'s pl

  1. alternative form of-s,used when a word ends in a long vowel that would turn short if suffixed without the apostrophe
    1. forming plurals
      ‎foto + ‎-'s → ‎foto's
    2. forming the genitive
      ‎Anna + ‎-'s → ‎Anna's

German

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Etymology 1

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Alternative forms

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Suffix

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-’s

  1. (archaic)Used to form the genitive of proper names
  2. Used to form the genitive of proper names under certain circumstances.
    Andrea →Andrea’s (to avoid confusion withAndreas →Andreas’)
Usage notes
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  • The use of-'s instead of-s is allowed, according to the German spelling reform of 1996, only when bare-s would be ambiguous (as in the example above). In informal writing it is sometimes used even when there is no ambiguity (e.g.Peter's), but this is proscribed.

Etymology 2

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Alternative forms

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Article

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-’s(clitic)

  1. (chiefly colloquial or poetic)contracted form ofdas

Pronoun

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-’s(clitic)

  1. (chiefly colloquial or poetic)contracted form ofdas
See also
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Etymology 3

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Alternative forms

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  • -s(sometimes)

Pronoun

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-’s(clitic)

  1. (chiefly colloquial or poetic)contracted form ofes
    (with other pronouns) mir's, ich's, ... = mir es, ich es, ...
    (with verbs) geht's, nimm's, ... = geht es, nimm es, ...
    (with particles) wenn's, ob's, ... = wenn es, ob es, ...

Etymology 4

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Alternative forms

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  • -s(sometimes)

Verb

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-’s(clitic)

  1. (colloquial)contracted form ofist
    Er's no' nich' gekomm'n =Er ist noch nicht gekommen spelled according to colloquial pronunciation

See also

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Old Norse

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Suffix

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-'s (clitic)

  1. (bragarmál)contraction ofes
    Hvat’s með ǫlfum, hvat’s með ǫ́sum ―What is with the elves? What is with the gods?
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