둏다• (dyota) (infinitive둏아,sequential둏으니)
Seemingly reanalyzed from earlier됴〯ᄒᆞ다〮(tywǒhòtá),[1] cf.만〯ᄒᆞ다〮(mǎnhòtá) >Korean많다(manta),ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ다〮(kóthòtá) >ᄀᆞᇀ〮다〮(kóthtá).
Thus etymologically a compound됴〯(tywǒ) +ᄒᆞ다(hota,light verb deriving adjectives). The first element,됴〯(tywǒ), is acranberry morpheme; it may potentially be a nativizedSino-Korean root, given that this syllable does not occur in any other native Middle Korean word.
| Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium. Particularly: “What are some likely Chinese terms that could have been borrowed as Middle Korean됴〯(tywǒ)? Do linguists discuss any candidate source terms?” |
둏〯다〮 (tywǒhtá) (infinitive됴〯하〮,sequential됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮)
Modern learners often confuse this verb with조타〮(cwòtá), which means "to be pure".
| Selected conjugations of됴〯타〮(tyǒthá),Accentual class R | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note that many forms are unattested/merely hypothetical. | |||||
| Selected plain sentence-final forms | |||||
| Declarative | Interrogative | Modulated declarative | |||
| Polar question | Wh-word question | Second-person subject | |||
| Past | 됴〯타〮(tyǒthá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒhónìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ가〮(tyǒhònká) 됴〯ᄒᆞ녀〮(tyǒhònyé) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ고〮(tyǒhònkwó) 됴〯ᄒᆞ뇨〮(tyǒhònyó) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ다〮(tyǒhòntá) | 됴〯호라〮(tyǒhwòlá) |
| Present | 됸〯ᄂᆞ다〮(tyǒnnòtá) 됸〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒnnónìlá) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮(tyǒnnònká) 됸〯ᄂᆞ녀〮(tyǒnnònyé) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮(tyǒnnònkwó) 됸〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮(tyǒnnònyó) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮(tyǒnnòntá) | 됸〯노라〮(tyǒnnwòlá) |
| Conjectural | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리라〮(tyǒhólìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ가〮(tyǒhòlqká) 됴〯ᄒᆞ려〮(tyǒhòlyé) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ고〮(tyǒhòlqkwó) 됴〯ᄒᆞ료〮(tyǒhòlyó) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ다〮(tyǒhòlqtá) | 됴〯호〮리라〮(tyǒhwólìlá) |
| Retrospective/ imperfective | 됴〯터라〮(tyǒthèlá) 됴〯터〮니라〮(tyǒthénìlá) | 됴〯턴가〮(tyǒthènká) 됴〯터녀〮(tyǒthènyé) | 됴〯턴고〮(tyǒthènkwó) 됴〯터뇨〮(tyǒthènyó) | 됴〯턴다〮(tyǒthèntá) | 됴〯타라〮(tyǒthàlá) |
| -거-(-ke-) form | 됴〯커다〮(tyǒkhètá) 됴〯커〮니라〮(tyǒkhénìlá) | 됴〯커녀〮(tyǒkhènyé) | 됴〯커뇨〮(tyǒkhènyó) | 됴〯컨다〮(tyǒkhèntá) | 됴〯콰라〮(tyǒkhwàlá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | |||
됴〯ᄒᆞ라〮(tyǒhlá,order) 됴〯코라〮(tyǒkhwòlá,request) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮(tyǒhòntyé),됴〯ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮(tyǒhòlssyé) 됴〯토다〮(tyǒthwòtá),됴〯톳다〮(tyǒthwòstá) 됴〯해라〮(tyǒhàylá) | ||||
| Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms | |||||
| Past | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhóngìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòníngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮(tyǒhòníngìská) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮(tyǒhòníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 됴〯호〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhwóngìtá) |
| Present | 됸〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒnnóngìtá) 됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒnnòníngìtá) | 됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮(tyǒnnòníngìská) | 됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮(tyǒnnòníngìskwó) | 됸〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒnnwóngìtá) | |
| Conjectural | 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòlíngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮(tyǒhòlíngìská) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮(tyǒhòlíngìskwó) | 됴〯호리〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhwòlíngìtá) | |
| Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | |||
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮쇼셔〮(tyǒhósyòsyé,order) 됴〯코〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒkhwóngìtá,request) | 됴〯토다〮(tyǒthwòtá),됴〯톳다〮(tyǒthwòstá) 됴〯해〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒháyngìtá) | ||||
| Selected honorific declarative forms | |||||
| Past | Present | Conjectural | Retrospective/ imperfective | 거(-ke-) form | |
| Plain subject-honoring | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시다〮(tyǒhósìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮니라〮(tyǒhòsínìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮(tyǒhòsínòtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒhósìnónìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮리라〮(tyǒhòsílìlá) | 됴〯터〮시다〮(tyǒthésìtá) 됴〯터시〮니라〮(tyǒthèsínìlá) | 됴〯커〮시다〮(tyǒkhésìtá) 됴〯커시〮니라〮(tyǒkhèsínìlá) |
| Deferential subject-honoring | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòsíngìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhósìníngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhósìnóngìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòsínòníngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhósílíngìtá) | 됴〯터시〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒthèsíngìtá) 됴〯터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒthésìníngìtá) | 됴〯커시〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒkhèsíngìtá) 됴〯커〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒkhésìníngìtá) |
| Plainobject-honoring | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮(tyǒssǒptá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒssòWónìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮(tyǒssǒpnòtá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒssǒpnónìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮(tyǒssòWólìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮(tyǒssǒptèlá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮(tyǒssǒpténìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거다〮(tyǒssǒpkètá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮(tyǒssǒpkénìlá) |
| Selected connective forms | |||||
| Connective | Causative | Conditional/situating | Contrastive/concessive | Purposive/desiderative | Infinitive |
| 됴〯코〮(tyǒkhwó) 됴〯ᄒᆞ며〮(tyǒhòmyé) 됴〯타가〮(tyǒthàká) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮(tyǒhòní) 됴〯커ᄂᆞᆯ〮(tyǒkhènól) 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮(tyǒhòlssóy,only in declarative) 됴〯콴ᄃᆡ〮(tyǒkhwàntóy,only in interrogative) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ면〮(tyǒhòmyén) 됴〯커든〮(tyǒkhètún) 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ대〮(tyǒhòntáy) 됴〯컨댄〮(tyǒkhèntáyn) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ나〮(tyǒhòná) 됴〯호ᄃᆡ〮(tyǒhwòtóy) 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮(tyǒhòntól) 됴〯컨〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮(tyǒkhénmàlón) | 됴〯호려〮(tyǒhwòlyé) 됴〯코져〮(tyǒkhwòcyé,desires own action) 됴〯콰뎌〮(tyǒkhwàtyé,desires other's action) | 됴〯하〮(tyǒhá) |
| Adnominal/gerundive forms | |||||
| Past | Present | Conjectural | |||
| Unmodulated non-honorific | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ〮(tyǒhón) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮(tyǒnnón) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ〮(tyǒhólq) | ||
| Modulated non-honorific | 됴〯혼〮(tyǒhwón) | 됸〯논〮(tyǒnnwón) | 됴〯호ᇙ〮(tyǒhwólq) | ||
| Unmodulated subject-honoring | 됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮(tyǒhòsín) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮(tyǒhósìnón) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮(tyǒhòsílq) | ||
| Substantive forms | |||||
| Plain | Subject-honoring | ||||
됴〯홈〮(tyǒhwóm) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮(tyǒhòsyám) | ||||