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둏다

    From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

    Korean

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    Adjective

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    둏다 (dyota) (infinitive둏아,sequential둏으니)

    1. Yukjin form of좋다(jota,to be good, to be pleasing)
      • 2009,곽충구 [gwakchunggu,Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1,National Institute of the Korean Language, page13:
        .아매머리굉장히습꾸마.(Yukjin)
        Ye. Amae-neun meori goengjanghidyo-seupkkuma.
        Yes. Grandmother was very smart.
        (literally, “... had agood head.”)

    Middle Korean

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    Etymology

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    Seemingly reanalyzed from earlier됴〯ᄒᆞ다〮(tywǒhòtá),[1] cf.만〯ᄒᆞ다〮(mǎnhòtá) >Korean많다(manta),ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ다〮(kóthòtá) >ᄀᆞᇀ〮다〮(kóthtá).

    Thus etymologically a compound됴〯(tywǒ) +‎ᄒᆞ다(hota,light verb deriving adjectives). The first element,됴〯(tywǒ), is acranberry morpheme; it may potentially be a nativizedSino-Korean root, given that this syllable does not occur in any other native Middle Korean word.

    Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.
    Particularly: “What are some likely Chinese terms that could have been borrowed as Middle Korean됴〯(tywǒ)? Do linguists discuss any candidate source terms?”

    Pronunciation

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    • (Morphophonemic)IPA(key): ⫽tjǒhtá⫽

    Verb

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    둏〯다〮 (tywǒhtá) (infinitive됴〯하〮,sequential됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮)

    1. (intransitive) to become (or to be)pleasing; to become (or to be)good
      Antonym:굿다〮(kwùstá)
      • 14th c.? (pub. late 15th c.), “滿殿春 / 만전춘(Manjeonchun)”, in樂章歌詞 / 악장가사(Akjang gasa):
        올하 올하 아련 비올하 여흘란 어듸 두고 소해 자라 온다 소콧 얼면 여흘도됴ᄒᆞ니
        wolh-a wolh-a alyen piwolh-a yehul-lan etuy twukwo swoh-ay cala wonta swoh-kwos elmyen yehul-twotyohoni
        O duck, o duck, o foolish rain-duck! Where have you left yourriffles that you come sleep in the marsh? But once the marsh freezes, the riffles aregood as well.
      • 1481,分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해, page19:33:
        사〯ᄅᆞ미〮됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 ᄯᅩ〮 가마괴〮도〮됴〯토다〮
        sǎlàm-ítyǒhòlssóy stwó kàmàkwóy-twótyǒthwòtá
        Though peopleare pleasing to me, how the ravensplease me as well!
    2. (intransitive) to become (or to be) ofsuperiorquality; to become (or to be)good
      Antonym:굿다〮(kwùstá)
      • 1517,飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사, pageI.47:
        ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮 누의님〮하〮
        mòzòmtyǒhòsín nwùùy-ním-há
        O my honoredgood-hearted sister!
    3. (intransitive) to become (or to be)suitable orgood for a specificpurpose
      Antonym:굿다〮(kwùstá)
      • 1466,救急方諺解 / 구급방언해, pageI.50:
        새〮 약곳〮 업〯거든〮 달힌〮 즈ᅀᅴ도〮됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮
        sáy yàk-kwós ěpkètún tàlhín cùzùy-twótyǒhónìlá
        As long as one has none of the new medicine, the boiled dregs are alsosuitable.
    4. (intransitive) toget better, to behealed, torecover from anillness
      • 1489,救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해, pages6:39a–b:
        미친〮 가히〮 믈인〮 독〮이〮 다시〮 나거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 프〮러 두〯 돈〯을〮 머그〮면됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라
        mìchín kàhí mùlGín twók-í tàsí nàkètún mòlòn sòyngàng-úl kólà múl-èy púlè twǔ twǒn-úl mèkúmyèntyǒhòlílà
        Having been bitten by a rabid dog, should [the effects of] the poison [i.e. the rabies virus] recur, take twodons of ground dry ginger dissolved in water, and [the symptoms]will get better.
    5. (uncommon, transitive) to bepleased by, toconsider asgood
      Synonym:됴〯히〮너기〮다〮(tyǒhí nèkítá)
    6. (hapax legomenon, transitive) toheal, tocure (possibly awkward literal translation from Chinese)
      Synonym:고티〮다〮(kwòthítá)

    Usage notes

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    Modern learners often confuse this verb with조타〮(cwòtá), which means "to be pure".

    Conjugation

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    Selected conjugations of됴〯타〮(tyǒthá),Accentual class R
    Note that many forms are unattested/merely hypothetical.
    Selected plain sentence-final forms
    DeclarativeInterrogativeModulated
    declarative
    Polar questionWh-word questionSecond-person subject
    Past됴〯타〮(tyǒthá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒhónìlá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ가〮(tyǒhònká)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ녀〮(tyǒhònyé)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ고〮(tyǒhònkwó)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ뇨〮(tyǒhònyó)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ다〮(tyǒhòntá)됴〯호라〮(tyǒhwòlá)
    Present됸〯ᄂᆞ다〮(tyǒnnòtá)
    됸〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒnnónìlá)
    됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮(tyǒnnònká)
    됸〯ᄂᆞ녀〮(tyǒnnònyé)
    됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮(tyǒnnònkwó)
    됸〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮(tyǒnnònyó)
    됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮(tyǒnnòntá)됸〯노라〮(tyǒnnwòlá)
    Conjectural됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리라〮(tyǒhólìlá)됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ가〮(tyǒhòlqká)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ려〮(tyǒhòlyé)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ고〮(tyǒhòlqkwó)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ료〮(tyǒhòlyó)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ다〮(tyǒhòlqtá)됴〯호〮리라〮(tyǒhwólìlá)
    Retrospective/
    imperfective
    됴〯터라〮(tyǒthèlá)
    됴〯터〮니라〮(tyǒthénìlá)
    됴〯턴가〮(tyǒthènká)
    됴〯터녀〮(tyǒthènyé)
    됴〯턴고〮(tyǒthènkwó)
    됴〯터뇨〮(tyǒthènyó)
    됴〯턴다〮(tyǒthèntá)됴〯타라〮(tyǒthàlá)
    -거-(-ke-) form됴〯커다〮(tyǒkhètá)
    됴〯커〮니라〮(tyǒkhénìlá)
    됴〯커녀〮(tyǒkhènyé)됴〯커뇨〮(tyǒkhènyó)됴〯컨다〮(tyǒkhèntá)됴〯콰라〮(tyǒkhwàlá)
    Promissive/HortativeImperativeExclamatory/Emotive
    됴〯호마〮(tyǒhwòmá,promissive)
    됴〯쳐〮(tyǒchyé,hortative)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ라〮(tyǒhlá,order)
    됴〯코라〮(tyǒkhwòlá,request)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮(tyǒhòntyé),됴〯ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮(tyǒhòlssyé)
    됴〯토다〮(tyǒthwòtá),됴〯톳다〮(tyǒthwòstá)
    됴〯해라〮(tyǒhàylá)
    Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms
    Past됴〯ᄒᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhóngìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòníngìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮(tyǒhòníngìská)됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮(tyǒhòníngìskwó)no separate forms됴〯호〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhwóngìtá)
    Present됸〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒnnóngìtá)
    됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒnnòníngìtá)
    됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮(tyǒnnòníngìská)됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮(tyǒnnòníngìskwó)됸〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒnnwóngìtá)
    Conjectural됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòlíngìtá)됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮(tyǒhòlíngìská)됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮(tyǒhòlíngìskwó)됴〯호리〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhwòlíngìtá)
    Promissive/HortativeImperativeExclamatory/Emotive
    됴〯호마〮(tyǒhwòmá,promissive)
    됴〯싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒssángìtá,hortative)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ〮쇼셔〮(tyǒhósyòsyé,order)
    됴〯코〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒkhwóngìtá,request)
    됴〯토다〮(tyǒthwòtá),됴〯톳다〮(tyǒthwòstá)
    됴〯해〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒháyngìtá)
    Selected honorific declarative forms
    PastPresentConjecturalRetrospective/
    imperfective
    (-ke-) form
    Plain subject-honoring됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시다〮(tyǒhósìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮니라〮(tyǒhòsínìlá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮(tyǒhòsínòtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒhósìnónìlá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮리라〮(tyǒhòsílìlá)됴〯터〮시다〮(tyǒthésìtá)
    됴〯터시〮니라〮(tyǒthèsínìlá)
    됴〯커〮시다〮(tyǒkhésìtá)
    됴〯커시〮니라〮(tyǒkhèsínìlá)
    Deferential subject-honoring됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòsíngìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhósìníngìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhósìnóngìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhòsínòníngìtá)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒhósílíngìtá)됴〯터시〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒthèsíngìtá)
    됴〯터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒthésìníngìtá)
    됴〯커시〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒkhèsíngìtá)
    됴〯커〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮(tyǒkhésìníngìtá)
    Plainobject-honoring됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮(tyǒssǒptá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒssòWónìlá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮(tyǒssǒpnòtá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮(tyǒssǒpnónìlá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮(tyǒssòWólìlá)됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮(tyǒssǒptèlá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮(tyǒssǒpténìlá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거다〮(tyǒssǒpkètá)
    됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮(tyǒssǒpkénìlá)
    Selected connective forms
    ConnectiveCausativeConditional/situatingContrastive/concessivePurposive/desiderativeInfinitive
    됴〯코〮(tyǒkhwó)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ며〮(tyǒhòmyé)
    됴〯타가〮(tyǒthàká)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮(tyǒhòní)
    됴〯커ᄂᆞᆯ〮(tyǒkhènól)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮(tyǒhòlssóy,only in declarative)
    됴〯콴ᄃᆡ〮(tyǒkhwàntóy,only in interrogative)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ면〮(tyǒhòmyén)
    됴〯커든〮(tyǒkhètún)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ대〮(tyǒhòntáy)
    됴〯컨댄〮(tyǒkhèntáyn)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ나〮(tyǒhòná)
    됴〯호ᄃᆡ〮(tyǒhwòtóy)
    됴〯ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮(tyǒhòntól)
    됴〯컨〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮(tyǒkhénmàlón)
    됴〯호려〮(tyǒhwòlyé)
    됴〯코져〮(tyǒkhwòcyé,desires own action)
    됴〯콰뎌〮(tyǒkhwàtyé,desires other's action)
    됴〯하〮(tyǒhá)
    Adnominal/gerundive forms
    PastPresentConjectural
    Unmodulated non-honorific됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ〮(tyǒhón)됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮(tyǒnnón)됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ〮(tyǒhólq)
    Modulated non-honorific됴〯혼〮(tyǒhwón)됸〯논〮(tyǒnnwón)됴〯호ᇙ〮(tyǒhwólq)
    Unmodulated subject-honoring됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮(tyǒhòsín)됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮(tyǒhósìnón)됴〯ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮(tyǒhòsílq)
    Substantive forms
    PlainSubject-honoring
    됴〯홈〮(tyǒhwóm)
    됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮(tyǒhòsyám)

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    References

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    1. ^()()() (1999), “'둏다' 구문에 대한 통시적 연구 [A diachronic study of thetywoh-ta construction]”, in진단학보 (in Korean), volume87, pages71-126
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