First attested in theWorin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, asMiddle Korean그ᅀᅳ다〮 (Yale:kùzù-tá), from pre-MK*kùsùk-, a form preserved in many dialects; compareJeolla Korean끄슥다(kkeuseukda),Gyeongsang Korean끄시다(kkeusida),Yukjin Korean끄스다(kkeuseuda).
The modern Standard Korean form is highly irregular, involving not only spontaneous initial tensing (a common if irregular process in Korean) but an inexplicable addition of/l/; the expected reflex is*그다(*geuda) or*끄다(*kkeuda). The same irregular shift occurred somewhat earlier in이끌다(ikkeulda,“to lead”), which probably affected this verb's development.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | kkeulda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | kkeulda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kkŭlda |
| Yale Romanization? | kkūlta |
| Base | 끌다(kkeulda) |
|---|---|
| Causative | 끌리다(kkeullida) |
| Passive | 끌리다(kkeullida) |
끌다• (kkeulda) (infinitive끌어,sequential끄니)(transitive)
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 끈다 kkeunda | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕니다 kkeumnida |
| Past | 끌었다 kkeureotda | 끌었어 kkeureosseo | 끌었어요 kkeureosseoyo | 끌었습니다 kkeureotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 끄느냐 kkeuneunya | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕니까 kkeumnikka |
| Past | 끌었느냐 kkeureonneunya | 끌었어 kkeureosseo | 끌었어요 kkeureosseoyo | 끌었습니까 kkeureotseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 끌자 kkeulja | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끄십시다 kkeusipsida | |
| Imperative | 끌어라 kkeureora | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕시오 kkeupsio | |
| Assertive | 끌겠다 kkeulgetda | 끌겠어 kkeulgesseo | 끌겠어요 kkeulgesseoyo | 끌겠습니다 kkeulgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어서 kkeureoseo | 끄니 kkeuni | 끄니까 kkeunikka | |
| Contrast | 끌지만 kkeuljiman | 끄는데 kkeuneunde | 끌더니 kkeuldeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 끌고 kkeulgo | ||||
| Condition | 끌면 kkeulmyeon | 끌어야 kkeureoya | |||
| Motive | 끌려고 kkeullyeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 끎 kkeum | 끌기 kkeulgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 끌었음 kkeureosseum | 끌었기 kkeureotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 끈 kkeun | |||
| Present | 끄는 kkeuneun | ||||
| Future | 끌 kkeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 끄신다 kkeusinda | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄세요, 끄셔요 kkeuseyo, kkeusyeoyo | 끄십니다 kkeusimnida |
| Past | 끄셨다 kkeusyeotda | 끄셨어 kkeusyeosseo | 끄셨어요 kkeusyeosseoyo | 끄셨습니다 kkeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 끄시느냐 kkeusineunya | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄세요, 끄셔요 kkeuseyo, kkeusyeoyo | 끄십니까 kkeusimnikka |
| Past | 끄셨느냐 kkeusyeonneunya | 끄셨어 kkeusyeosseo | 끄셨어요 kkeusyeosseoyo | 끄셨습니까 kkeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 끄시라 kkeusira | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄세요 kkeuseyo | 끄십시오 kkeusipsio | |
| Assertive | 끄시겠다 kkeusigetda | 끄시겠어 kkeusigesseo | 끄시겠어요 kkeusigesseoyo | 끄시겠습니다 kkeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄셔서 kkeusyeoseo | 끄시니 kkeusini | 끄시니까 kkeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 끄시지만 kkeusijiman | 끄시는데 kkeusineunde | 끄시더니 kkeusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 끄시고 kkeusigo | ||||
| Condition | 끄시면 kkeusimyeon | 끄셔야 kkeusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 끄시려고 kkeusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 끄심 kkeusim | 끄시기 kkeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 끄셨음 kkeusyeosseum | 끄셨기 kkeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 끄신 kkeusin | |||
| Present | 끄시는 kkeusineun | ||||
| Future | 끄실 kkeusil | ||||