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鼾 (Kangxi radical 209,鼻+3, 17 strokes,cangjie input竹中一十 (HLMJ),four-corner21240,composition⿰鼻干)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*qʰaːn, *ɢaːns): semantic 鼻 + phonetic 干(OC*kaːn).
| simp. andtrad. | 鼾 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd round simp. | 𰯶 | |
| alternative forms | 哻ancient | |
FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*hal(“to snore”). CompareTibetanཧལ(hal,“to pant; to wheeze; to snort; to snore”).
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 鼾 | 鼾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 許干切 | 侯旰切 |
| Baxter | xan | hanH |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɑn/ | /ɦɑnH/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hɑn/ | /ɦɑnH/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑnH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /han/ | /ɦanH/ |
| Li Rong | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑnH/ |
| Wang Li | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑnH/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑnH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hān | hàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon1 | hon6 |
鼾
| simp. andtrad. | 鼾 | |
|---|---|---|
鼾
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鼾 |
| かん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi |
FromMiddle Chinese鼾 (MC xan|hanH, “snoring”).
Only found in compounds. Not used in isolation.
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鼾 |
| いびき Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
Originally a compound of息(i,“breath, breathing”) +引き(hiki,“pulling, drawing”,the連用形(ren'yōkei,“continuative or stem form”) of verb引くhiku “to pull, to draw”).[1][2] Thehiki changes tobiki as an instance ofrendaku (連濁).
鼾する• (ibikisuru) suru (stem鼾し(ibikishi),past鼾した(ibikishita))
The verb sense “to snore” is more commonly expressed using the verbal phrases鼾を掻く(ibiki o kaku, literally“to make a snoring sound”) or鼾を立てる(ibiki o tateru, literally“to raise a snore, to put up a snore”).
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 鼾し | いびきし | ibiki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 鼾し | いびきし | ibiki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 鼾する | いびきする | ibiki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 鼾する | いびきする | ibiki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 鼾すれ | いびきすれ | ibiki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 鼾せよ¹ 鼾しろ² | いびきせよ¹ いびきしろ² | ibiki seyo¹ ibiki shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 鼾される | いびきされる | ibiki sareru |
| Causative | 鼾させる 鼾さす | いびきさせる いびきさす | ibiki saseru ibiki sasu |
| Potential | 鼾できる | いびきできる | ibiki dekiru |
| Volitional | 鼾しよう | いびきしよう | ibiki shiyō |
| Negative | 鼾しない | いびきしない | ibiki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 鼾せず | いびきせず | ibiki sezu |
| Formal | 鼾します | いびきします | ibiki shimasu |
| Perfective | 鼾した | いびきした | ibiki shita |
| Conjunctive | 鼾して | いびきして | ibiki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 鼾すれば | いびきすれば | ibiki sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鼾 |
| くつち Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 癲狂 癲癇 |
Apparently the連用形(ren'yōkei,“continuative or stem form”) of obsolete verb鼾つ(kutsutsu,“to sleep while snoring”,possiblyonomatopoeic).[1]
Theepilepsy sense may have arisen from how one's breathing may bespastic and vaguely similar tosnoring when suffering anepilepticseizure.
However, the conjugation of thisputative verb is unknown, and it is only encountered in what would be thenominalized連用形(ren'yōkei,“continuative or stem form”) ofkutsuchi.[1] This leaves open the possibility of alternative origins:
鼾• (han) (hangeul한,McCune–Reischauer han,Yale han)
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