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馬

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:马
馬U+99AC,馬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99AC
←馫
[U+99AB]		CJK Unified Ideographs馭 →
[U+99AD]

⾺U+2FBA,⾺
KANGXI RADICAL HORSE
←⾹
[U+2FB9]		Kangxi Radicals⾻ →
[U+2FBB]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
Stroke order
(Hong Kong)

Han character

[edit]
See images of
Radical 187馬

馬 (Kangxi radical 187,馬+0, 10 strokes,cangjie input尸手尸火 (SQSF),four-corner71327,composition⿹⿺㇉⿻三丨灬)

  1. Kangxi radical #187,⾺.

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 1433, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character馬
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)Libian (compiled inQing)
Bronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptShizhoupian scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scriptsClerical script
Characters in the samephonetic series (馬)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
馬*mraːʔ
碼*mraːʔ
罵*mraːʔ, *mraːs
鷌*mraːʔ
鰢*mraːʔ
瑪*mraːʔ
榪*mraːs
傌*mraːs
禡*mraːs
媽*maːʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind, standing vertically on two legs.[1] In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (目(mù)). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (灬(huǒ), unrelated to火(huǒ)).

Contrast with鹿(lù,“deer”), which saw a very different development, and𢊁 (as in薦 /荐(jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of馬 (灬(huǒ)) but the head of鹿(lù).

Etymology

[edit]
trad.馬
simp.马
alternative forms
Wikipedia has articles on:

“Horse” – fromProto-Sino-Tibetan*k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses ofhorse.

For the insect prefix sense, see螞 /蚂. It has converged with the sense of “big”.

The surname is popularly known to be prevalent amongHui Muslims, where it is likely derived fromArabicمُحَمَّد(muḥammad,“Muhammad”), although the surname馬 itself predates Islam.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • bor3 - vernacular;
  • ma3 - literary.
Note:
  • bé/bée - vernacular (bée - possibly incl. the surname sense);
  • má - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • bhê2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ma2 - literary (used in馬上,馬虎);
  • ma6 - dialectal usage ("careless, sloppy").
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin:bhe2 / ma2
      • SinologicalIPA:/bɛ³¹/, /ma³¹/
Note:
  • bhe2 - vernacular;
  • ma2 - literary.
Note:
  • mo - vernacular;
  • ma - literary.
Rime
Character馬
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)明 (4)
Final (韻)麻 (98)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)II
Fanqie莫下切
BaxtermaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/mˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun		/mᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen		/maX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/maɨX/
Li
Rong		/maX/
Wang
Li		/maX/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/maX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		mǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		maa5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character馬
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		mǎ
Middle
Chinese		‹ mæX ›
Old
Chinese		/*mˁraʔ/
Englishhorse

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character馬
Reading #1/1
No.8715
Phonetic
component		馬
Rime
group		魚
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		馬
Old
Chinese		/*mraːʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

馬

  1. horse(Classifier:匹mc; 隻／只mcmn)
    騎馬／骑马  ― qímǎ  ―  to ride ahorse
  2. (xiangqi)knight;horse:🩪 (sometimes only on the black side)
  3. (chess)knight
  4. (Cantonese)horse race(Classifier:場／场c)
  5. Original form of碼／码 (mǎ, “chip for counting”).
  6. big(prefix for nouns)
    馬勺／马勺  ― mǎsháo  ―  ladle (big spoon)
  7. (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) tobully
  8. (Sichuanese) to keep astraight face
  9. (Cantonese, slang)subordinate
  10. Prefix for names of insects, also written as螞.
  11. short for馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ, “Matsu”)
  12. Used in transcription.
    馬爾代夫／马尔代夫  ― Mǎ'ěrdàifū  ― Maldives
    馬達加斯加／马达加斯加  ― Mǎdájiāsījiā  ― Madagascar
    阿拉巴馬／阿拉巴马  ― Ālābāmǎ  ―  Alabama
    馬賽／马赛  ― Mǎsài  ― Marseille
    馬尼拉／马尼拉  ― Mǎnílā  ― Manila
    馬利亞／马利亚  ― Mǎlìyà  ―  VirginMary
    馬克士威／马克士威  ― Mǎkèshìwēi  ― Maxwell
    馬丁・路德／马丁・路德  ― Mǎdīng・Lùdé  ― Martin Luther
    1. short for馬來西亞／马来西亚 (Mǎláixīyà, “Malaysia”)
      大馬／大马  ― Dàmǎ  ― Malaysia
      馬幣／马币  ― Mǎbì  ― Malaysian ringgit;Malaysian currency
      新馬泰／新马泰  ― Xīnmǎtài  ―  Singapore,Malaysia and Thailand
      新馬華語／新马华语  ― Xīn-Mǎ Huáyǔ  ― Malayo-Singaporean Mandarin
    2. (sports, especially slang)short for馬拉松／马拉松 (mǎlāsōng, “marathon”)
      全馬／全马  ― quánmǎ  ―  fullmarathon
      半馬／半马  ― bànmǎ  ―  halfmarathon
      迷馬／迷马  ― mímǎ  ―  minimarathon
      越野馬／越野马  ― yuèyěmǎ  ―  trailmarathon
      超馬／超马  ― chāomǎ  ―  ultramarathon
      首馬／首马  ― shǒumǎ  ― (of one's life) firstmarathon
      渣馬／渣马[Cantonese]  ― zaa1maa5[Jyutping]  ― (Hong Kong)Hong Kong Marathon (literally, “SCBMarathon”)
      北馬／北马  ― Běimǎ  ― (Beijing)BeijingMarathon
      上馬／上马  ― Shàngmǎ  ― (Shanghai)ShanghaiMarathon
      廣馬／广马[Cantonese]  ― gwong2maa5[Jyutping]  ― (Guangdong)GuangzhouMarathon
    3. (Mainland China)short for馬克思／马克思 (Mǎkèsī, “Marx”)
    4. short for馬列主義／马列主义 (Mǎlièzhǔyì, “Marxism-Leninism”)
  13. asurname
    馬步芳／马步芳  ― Mǎ Bùfāng  ― Ma Bufang (Chinese warlord and member ofMa clique)
    馬英九／马英九  ― Mǎ Yīngjiǔ  ― Ma Ying-jeou (President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 2008-2016)
  14. (～日)(telegraphy) thetwenty-firstday of amonth

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of馬 (“horse”)[map]
VarietyLocationWords
Classical Chinese馬
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)馬,馬匹
Taxonomic name馬
Northeastern MandarinBeijing馬,馬兒
Taiwan馬
Harbin馬
Malaysia馬
Singapore馬
Jilu MandarinJinan馬
Jiaoliao MandarinYantai(Muping)馬
Central Plains MandarinLuoyang馬
Wanrong馬
Ankang馬
Ankang(Xianhe, Hanbin)馬
Baihe(Maoping)馬
Xi'an馬
Xining馬,達冒兒馬
Lanyin MandarinYinchuan馬
Lanzhou馬
Ürümqi馬
Southwestern MandarinChengdu馬
Chongqing馬,馬兒
Wuhan馬
Guiyang馬,馬兒
Guilin馬
Liuzhou馬
Shiquan馬
Ziyang馬
Jianghuai MandarinNanjing馬
Yangzhou馬
Hefei馬
CantoneseGuangzhou馬
Hong Kong馬
Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)馬
Macau馬
Guangzhou(Panyu)馬
Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)馬
Guangzhou(Conghua)馬
Guangzhou(Zengcheng)馬
Foshan馬
Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)馬
Foshan(Shunde)馬
Foshan(Sanshui)馬
Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)馬
Zhongshan(Shiqi)馬
Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)馬
Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)馬
Zhuhai(Doumen)馬
Jiangmen(Baisha)馬
Jiangmen(Xinhui)馬
Taishan馬
Kaiping(Chikan)馬
Enping(Niujiang)馬
Heshan(Yayao)馬
Dongguan馬
Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)馬
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)馬
Singapore(Guangfu)馬
GanNanchang馬
Lichuan馬
Pingxiang馬
HakkaMeixian馬
Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)馬
Dongguan(Qingxi)馬
Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)馬
Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)馬
Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)馬
Yudu馬
Miaoli(N. Sixian)馬仔
Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)馬仔
Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)馬
Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)馬
Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)馬
Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)馬
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa(Hepo)馬
Singkawang馬
HuizhouJixi馬
JinTaiyuan馬兒,馬
Northern MinJian'ou馬
Jian'ou(Dikou)馬
Zhenghe(Zhenqian)馬
Pucheng(Shibei)馬
Eastern MinFuzhou馬
Matsu馬
Southern MinXiamen馬
Quanzhou馬
Zhangzhou馬
Zhao'an馬
Kaohsiung馬
Yilan馬
Changhua(Lukang)馬
Taichung馬
Taichung(Wuqi)馬
Tainan馬
Taitung馬
Hsinchu馬
Penghu(Magong)馬
Penang(Hokkien)馬
Singapore(Hokkien)馬
Manila(Hokkien)馬
Chaozhou馬
Shantou馬
Shantou(Chenghai)馬
Haifeng馬
Singapore(Teochew)馬
Leizhou馬
Haikou馬
Zhongshan MinZhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)馬
Southern PinghuaBinyang馬
WuShanghai馬
Shanghai(Chongming)馬
Suzhou馬
Danyang馬
Hangzhou馬,馬兒
Hangzhou(Fuyang)馬
Shaoxing馬
Ningbo馬
Wenzhou馬
Jinhua馬
XiangChangsha馬
Loudi馬
Shuangfeng馬
Hengyang馬

Coordinate terms

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (馬):

Others:

See also

[edit]
Chess pieces in Mandarin ·國際象棋棋子 /国际象棋棋子(guójì xiàngqí qízǐ)(layout ·text)
♚♛♜♝♞♟
王(wáng),
國王 /国王(guówáng)		后(hòu),
皇后(huánghòu)		車 /车(jū),
城堡(chéngbǎo)		象(xiàng),
主教(zhǔjiào)		馬 /马(mǎ),
騎士 /骑士(qíshì)		兵(bīng)

References

[edit]
  1. ^Mair, Victor (16 February 2026), “Evolution of the sinograph and the word for horse”, inLanguage Log‎[1],University of Pennsylvania, retrieved16 February 2026

Japanese

[edit]
Stroke order (Japan)
10 strokes

Kanji

[edit]
See also:
馬

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. horse

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 1

[edit]
    JapaneseWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipediaja
    EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    馬 (uma,muma): a pair ofhorses.
    Kanji in this term
    馬
    うま
    Grade: 2
    kun'yomi

    FromOld Japanese. First attested in theNihon Shoki of 720CE.[1]

    The initialm sound was apparently emphasized,[1][2][3] possibly similar to*mma, becoming thenuma ormuma, via processes also seen in the word梅(ume, mume,“plum”). However, Pellard simply reconstructsProto-Japonic*uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.[4]

    Thema sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). CompareManchuᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ(morin,“horse”),Mongolianморь(morʹ,“horse”),Korean말(mal,“horse”),Mandarin馬 /马(mǎ,“horse”), andProto-Indo-European*márkos(“horse”) and descendants such asIrishmarc(“horse”,archaic) orEnglishmare(“female horse”). More at*márkos.[3]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    馬(うま)or馬(ウマ)• (uma)  (counter頭)

    1. ahorse
    2. (shogi) a promotedbishop
    3. asawhorse: a four-legstand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials
    Usage notes
    [edit]
    • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is oftenspelled inkatakana, especially inbiological contexts (where katakana is customary), asウマ(uma).

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      馬
      むま
      Grade: 2
      kun'yomi

      Shift fromuma form, becoming more common starting from theHeian Period.[1] This change later reverted, andmuma is now considered obsolete.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      馬(むま)• (muma) 

      1. (obsolete) ahorse
        • c.759,Man’yōshū,book 20, poem 4372:
          阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久牟麻能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓
          [I] received [the permission of the deity to cross] the Asigara slope, and I will cross over [it] without looking back. Will a tough man hesitate to depart? I will go crossing Pupa barrier. [I] will stay and dwell at the cape in Tukushi (9) [that is easy to wear off like] ahorse’s hoof, and I will pray [and I] will ask [the deities] that everybody [at home would be] safe until return.[7]
        • c.935Tosa Nikki
          ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
          The truth of the time in Fujiwara, even if [I'm] at the boat road, [I] exchange my horse nose(su element is unknown).
        • c.935Tosa Nikki
          けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。
          Today even thinking about the bluehorse [New Year's festival] is in vain.

      Etymology 3

      [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        馬
        んま
        Grade: 2
        irregular

        Possibly from preform*Nma; ultimately fromProto-Japonic*Cma.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        馬(んま)• (nma) 

        1. (Fukui) ahorse

        Etymology 4

        [edit]
          Kanji in this term
          馬
          んーま
          Grade: 2
          irregular

          Possibly from preform*MCma; ultimately fromProto-Japonic*Cma.

          Pronunciation

          [edit]

          Noun

          [edit]

          馬(んーま)• (nnma) 

          1. (Kagoshima) ahorse

          Etymology 5

          [edit]
            Kanji in this term
            馬
            ば
            Grade: 2
            kan'on

            FromMiddle Chinese馬 (MC maeX). The漢音(kan'on), so a later borrowing. CompareMin Nan馬 /马(bé, bée, má) where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal/m-/ to voiced plosive/b-/.

            Pronunciation

            [edit]

            Affix

            [edit]

            馬(ば)• (ba) 

            1. horse
              競(けい)馬(ば) ―keiba ―horse racing

            References

            [edit]
            1. ↑1.01.11.2“馬”, in日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2006
            2. ↑2.02.1Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
            3. ↑3.03.1“ウマ／馬／うま”, in語源由来辞典(Gogen Yurai Jiten,“Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese),2003–2026.
            4. ^Pellard, Thomas (2013), “Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system”, in Frellesvig, Bjarke, Sells, Peter, editors,Japanese/Korean Linguistics‎[3], number20, CSLI Publications,→ISBN, page85
            5. ^“ウマ”, in日本の危機言語‎[4] (in Japanese), National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics,2022
            6. ^NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN
            7. ^Vovin (2013), p.128

            Korean

            [edit]

            Hanja

            [edit]

            馬 (eumhun말마(mal ma))
            馬 (eumhun성마(seong ma))

            1. hanja form? of마(“horse (in compounds)”)

            Compounds

            [edit]

            See also

            [edit]

            Okinawan

            [edit]

            Kanji

            [edit]
            See also:
            馬

            (Second grade kyōiku kanji)

            Readings

            [edit]

            Etymology

            [edit]

            First attested in theLiúqiú guăn yìyŭ (琉球館譯語), 1469–1470, as烏馬(uma).[1]

            In turn, fromProto-Ryukyuan*Mma, fromProto-Japonic*Cma.

            Cognate withJapanese馬(uma).

            Pronunciation

            [edit]

            Noun

            [edit]

            馬(っんま) ('nma) 

            1. ahorse
              馬(っんま)ー草(くさ)食(か)むん。
              'Nmā kusa kamun.
              Thehorse eats grass.

            References

            [edit]
            1. ^Lin, Chihkai (August2015),A Reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A Corpus-Based Approach‎[5], University of Hawaii at Manoa

            Vietnamese

            [edit]

            Han character

            [edit]

            馬:Hán Việt readings:mã (莫(mạc)下(hạ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
            馬:Nôm readings:mựa[1][2][6][4][5][7],mã[1][2][4][5][7],mở[1][2][3],mứa[6][5][7],mả[1][2],mỡ[1],ngựa[2]

            Etymology 1

            [edit]

            Noun

            [edit]

            馬• (mã)

            1. chữ Hán form ofmã(“horse”)
            2. chữ Hán form ofmã(“(xiangqi, chess) aknight; anypiece labeled with馬 (black)”)
            Derived terms
            [edit]

            Etymology 2

            [edit]

            Adjective

            [edit]

            馬• (mứa)

            1. chữ Nôm form ofmứa(“excessive”)

            Etymology 3

            [edit]

            Verb

            [edit]

            馬• (mựa)

            1. chữ Nôm form ofmựa(“(obsolete)don't”)

            Etymology 4

            [edit]

            Noun

            [edit]

            馬• (mả)

            1. chữ Nôm form ofmả(“tomb;grave”)
              • 19th century,Nguyễn Đình Chiểu (阮廷沼),Lục Vân Tiên (蓼雲僊) [Tale of Lục Vân Tiên], published1916, lines921–922:
                小(tiểu)童(đồng)庄(chẳng)及(kịp)哙(hỏi)㗍(han)
                𦣰(nằm)陵(lăn)边(bên)馬(mả)哭(khóc)嘆(than)徘(bồi)徊(hồi)
                Before the page has a chance to pay a visit,
                He throws himself down upon thegrave, crying, lamenting, fretting.

            Etymology 5

            [edit]

            Verb

            [edit]

            馬• (mở)

            1. chữ Nôm form ofmở(“toopen”)

            Etymology 6

            [edit]

            Noun

            [edit]

            馬• (ngựa)

            1. alternative form of馭(“chữ Nôm form ofngựa(“horse”)”)

            References

            [edit]
            1. ↑1.01.11.21.31.41.5Nguyễn (2014).
            2. ↑2.02.12.22.32.42.5Nguyễn et al. (2009).
            3. ↑3.03.1Trần (2004).
            4. ↑4.04.14.2Bonet (1899).
            5. ↑5.05.15.25.3Génibrel (1898).
            6. ↑6.06.1Hồ (1976).
            7. ↑7.07.17.2Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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