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食

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:飠,饣,and良

食	U+98DF,食 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98DF

←飞
[U+98DE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

飠 →
[U+98E0]

⾷	U+2FB7,⾷ KANGXI RADICAL EAT

←⾶
[U+2FB6]

Kangxi Radicals

⾸ →
[U+2FB8]

⻝	U+2EDD,⻝ CJK RADICAL EAT ONE

←⻜
[U+2EDC]

CJK Radicals Supplement

⻞ →
[U+2EDE]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Stroke order

Alternative forms

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(when used as a left Chinese radical)𩙿飠／饣

Han character

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See images of
Radical 184食

食 (Kangxi radical 184,食+0, 9 strokes,cangjie input人戈日女 (OIAV),four-corner8073₂,composition⿱人良(GJ) or⿱亼艮(HKTV))

Kangxi radical #184,⾷.

Derived terms

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Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character食
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the samephonetic series (食)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
飤	*ljɯɡs
食	lɯɡs, ɦljɯɡ
蝕	*ɦljɯɡ
飾	*hljɯɡ
飭	*l̥ʰɯɡ

Pictogram (象形): a mouth (亼) over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is亼+艮, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is the pictogram皀 and is similar but unrelated良 or艮. This is more visible in the form𠊊.

Shuowen:Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ): phonetic 亼(OC*zub) + semantic 皀; see𠊊.

Etymology 1

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trad.		食
simp.^#		食
alternative forms		𠊊𩚁𩚀𩚃𠋑𠊊𩚁𩚀𩚃𠋑𨢁

FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*mə-l(j)ək.

Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):shí (shi²)
(Zhuyin):ㄕˊ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):si²
(Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):shí
(Nanjing,Nanjing Pinyin):shii̊q
(Dungan,Cyrillic andWiktionary):шы (šɨ, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):sik⁶
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):seak⁸
(Taishan,Wiktionary):set⁵
Gan(Wiktionary):siit⁷
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):sṳ̍t
(Hailu,HRS):shid^ˋ
(Meixian,Guangdong):sed⁶ / sêd⁶
Jin(Wiktionary):seh⁵
Northern Min(KCR):sī
Eastern Min(BUC):sĭk / siĕk
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):sih⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):si̍t /se̍k
(Teochew,Peng'im):sig⁸
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):xieg⁸
Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):sik⁶
Wu(Northern,Wugniu):⁸zeq
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):shr⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:shí
  - Zhuyin:ㄕˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:shíh
  - Wade–Giles:shih²
  - Yale:shŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:shyr
  - Palladius:ши(ši)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:si²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:s
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sz̩²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin:shí
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin:shii̊q
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered):shiiq⁵
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic andWiktionary:шы (šɨ, II)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:sik⁶
  - Yale:sihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin:sik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization:xig⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sɪk̚²/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:seak⁸
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sək̚²²/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:set⁵
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/set̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:siit⁷
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sɨt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:sṳ̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System:siid
  - Hagfa Pinyim:sid⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/sɨt̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:shid^ˋ
  - SinologicalIPA:/ʃit²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:sed⁶ / sêd⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/sət̚⁵/, /sɛt̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:seh⁵
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/səʔ⁵⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:sī
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/si⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:sĭk / siĕk
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/siʔ⁵/, /sieʔ⁵/

Note:

sĭk - literary;
siĕk - vernacular.

Puxian Min
- (Putian,Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:sih⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:si̍h
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɬiʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,Longyan,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:si̍t
  - Tâi-lô:si̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun:sit
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/sit̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Longyan):/sit̚³²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/sit̚¹²¹/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang):/sit̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:se̍k
  - Tâi-lô:si̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun:sek
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen):/siɪk̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/siɪk̚¹²¹/

Note:

si̍t - vernacular (Xiamen, Zhangzhou), literary (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan);
se̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:sig⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:si̍k
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/sik̚⁴/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin:xieg⁸
- SinologicalIPA:/siek̚²/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua,Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++:sik⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sɪk̚²²/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai,Suzhou)
  - Wugniu:⁸zeq
  - MiniDict:zeh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):⁵zeq
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/zəʔ¹²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/zəʔ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:shr⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key) (old-style):/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA^(key) (new-style):/sz̩²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 食
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʂʐ̩³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ʃz̩⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xining	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/sz̩²¹³/
	Chengdu	/sz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/sz̩²¹/
	Kunming	/ʂʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/səʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ʂʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/səʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/zəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/zəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/zəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕi²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ɕi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɨʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/sət̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sek̚²/
	Nanning	/sek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/sik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/sik̚⁵/ /t͡siaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/si⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡siaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/sek̚⁵/ /t͡sia³³/

Middle Chinese:zyik

Rime
Character	食
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	船 (27)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	乗力切
Baxter	zyik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʑɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʑɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʑiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʑik̚/
Li Rong	/d͡ʑiək̚/
Wang Li	/d͡ʑĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*mə-lək/
(Zhengzhang):/*ɦljɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	食
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shí
Middle Chinese	‹ zyik ›
Old Chinese	/*mə-lək/
English	eat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	食
Reading #	2/2
No.	11477
Phonetic component	食
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɦljɯɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

食

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka) toeat; to have ameal; totake in
食之無味，棄之可惜[Literary Chinese,trad.]
食之无味，弃之可惜[Literary Chinese,simp.]
shí zhī wúwèi, qì zhī kěxī[Pinyin]
It's pitiful to throw them away, yet there is not much toeat.
你食咗飯未呀？[Cantonese,trad.]
你食咗饭未呀？[Cantonese,simp.]
nei⁵sik⁶ zo² faan⁶ mei⁶ aa³?[Jyutping]
Have youeaten yet?
中國人係揸筷子食飯嘅。[Cantonese,trad.]
中国人系揸筷子食饭嘅。[Cantonese,simp.]
zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ hai⁶ zaa¹ faai³ zi²sik⁶ faan⁶ ge³.[Jyutping]
Chinese people use chopsticks toeat with.
上星期日我同啲朋友一齊食晚飯。[Cantonese,trad.]
上星期日我同啲朋友一齐食晚饭。[Cantonese,simp.]
soeng⁶ sing¹ kei⁴ jat⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ di¹ pang⁴ jau⁵ jat¹ cai⁴sik⁶ maan⁵ faan⁶.[Jyutping]
Last Sunday, Iate dinner together with my friends.
- 吾嘗終日不食，終夜不寢，以思，無益，不如學也。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  吾尝终日不食，终夜不寝，以思，无益，不如学也。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheAnalects of Confucius,c. 475 – 221BCE, translated based onJames Legge's version
  Wú cháng zhōngrì bùshí, zhōngyè bù qǐn, yǐ sī, wú yì, bùrú xué yě.[Pinyin]
  I have been the whole day withouteating, and the whole night without sleeping; occupied with thinking. It was of no use. The better plan is to learn.
(dialectal Cantonese, Hakka) todrink
- 食酒愛食竹葉青。[Sixian Hakka,trad.]
  食酒爱食竹叶青。[Sixian Hakka,simp.]
  From:《食酒歌》
  Sṳ̍t-chiú oisṳ̍t chuk-ya̍p-chhiâng.[Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
  If youdrink wine, you have todrink Zhuyeqing (three-year-oldShaoxing wine).
(Cantonese, Hakka) totake in; toinhale; tosmoke
食煙／食烟[Cantonese] ― sik⁶ jin¹[Jyutping] ― to smoke
食大麻[Cantonese] ― sik⁶ daai⁶ maa⁴[Jyutping] ― tosmoke marijuana
(Cantonese) toconsume; touse up
食電／食电[Cantonese] ― sik⁶ din⁶[Jyutping] ― todrain battery
(Cantonese, figurative) toextract; toextort; toabsorb; toswallow
食錢／食钱[Hong Kong Cantonese] ― sik⁶ cin^4-2[Jyutping] ― toswallow banknotes
(Cantonese) toabsorb; toget into; toenter; to bestuck inside
(Cantonese, Hakka, board games) tocapture
玩盲棋嘅時候，車可以食馬、炮、士、象、卒。[Cantonese,trad.]
玩盲棋嘅时候，车可以食马、炮、士、象、卒。[Cantonese,simp.]
waan^4-2 maang⁴ kei^4-2 ge³ si⁴ hau⁶, geoi¹ ho² ji⁵sik⁶ maa⁵, paau³, si⁶, zoeng⁶, zeot¹.[Jyutping]
When playing blind chess, a rook cancapture knights, cannons, advisors, bishops or pawns.
(Cantonese, mahjong)short for食糊 (“to win”)
(Cantonese) toreceive; to beaffected by; to beon the receiving end
硬食[Cantonese] ― ngaang⁶sik⁶[Jyutping] ― to be forced toaccept something
食風／食风[Cantonese] ― sik⁶ fung¹[Jyutping] ― being blown by wind
(Cantonese) tohit on; toflirt
食女[Cantonese] ― sik⁶ neoi^5-2[Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
meal;food
edible
食鹽／食盐 ― shíyán ― table salt
alternative form of蝕 /蚀(shí,“toeat away; toerode”)
eclipse
alt. forms:蝕 /蚀

Usage notes

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When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of吃 (“to eat”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		食₁
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	吃
	Taiwan	吃
	Harbin	吃,𠯪
	Malaysia	吃
	Singapore	吃
	Olginsky(Mikhaylovka)	吃
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	吃
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吃
	Chongqing	吃
	Wuhan	吃
	Guilin	吃,𠯪 dated
	Liuzhou	吃
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吃
	Yangzhou	吃
	Hefei	吃
Cantonese	Guangzhou	食₁,吃
	Hong Kong	食₁,吃
	Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong(Ting Kok)	食₁
	Hong Kong(Tung Ping Chau)	食₁
	Macau	食₁
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	食₁
	Foshan	食₁
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	食₁
	Foshan(Shunde)	食₁
	Foshan(Sanshui)	食₁
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	吃
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	吃
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	吃
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	吃
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	吃
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	食₁
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	吃
	Taishan	吃
	Kaiping(Chikan)	吃
	Enping(Niujiang)	吃
	Heshan(Yayao)	食₁
	Dongguan	食₁
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	食₁
	Shenzhen(Dapeng)	食₁
	Qingyuan	食₁
	Fogang	食₁
	Yingde(Hanguang)	食₁
	Yangshan	吃
	Lianshan(Butian)	吃
	Lianzhou(Qingshui; Sihui)	吃
	Shaoguan	食₁
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	食₁
	Renhua	食₁
	Lechang	食₁
	Zhaoqing(Gaoyao)	吃
	Sihui	吃
	Guangning	吃
	Deqing	吃
	Huaiji	吃
	Fengkai(Nanfeng)	吃
	Yunfu	食₁
	Xinxing	吃
	Luoding	食₁
	Yunan(Pingtai)	吃
	Yangjiang	吃
	Xinyi	食₁
	Maoming(Xinpo)	食₁
	Lianjiang	食₁
	Wuchuan(Wuyang)	吃
	Nanning	食₁
	Wuzhou	食₁
	Yulin	吃
	Hepu(Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu(Shatian)	吃
	Guiping	食₁
	Mengshan(Xihe)	吃
	Guigang(Nanjiang)	吃
	Beiliu(Tangliao)	吃
	Baise	吃
Bobai	吃
Lingshan	吃
Pubei	吃
Qinzhou	食₁
Qinzhou(Xiniujiao)	吃
Beihai	食₁
Beihai(Nankang)	食₁
Beihai(Yingpan)	吃,食₁
Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	食₁
Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	食₁
Ningming	食₁
Hengzhou	吃
Hezhou(Pumen, Babu)	吃
Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)	食₁
Danzhou	吃
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	食₁
Penang(Guangfu)	食₁
Singapore(Guangfu)	食₁
Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)	食₁
Móng Cái	食₁
Gan	Nanchang	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	食₁
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong(Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	食₁
	Boluo(Bendihua)	食₁
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan(Wuguishan)	食₁
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	食₁
	Wuhua(Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua(Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan(Bendihua)	食₁
	Zijin	食₁
	Longchuan(Tuocheng; Bendihua)	食₁
	Heping(Linzhai; Bendihua)	食₁
	Lianping(Longjie; Bendihua)	食₁
	Wengyuan	食₁
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Liannan	食₁
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	食₁
	Jiexi	食₁
	Luhe	食₁
	Zhao'an(Xiuzhuan)	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping(Yanqian)	食₁
	Wuping(Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou(Shexi)	食₁
	Tonggu(Sandu)	食₁
	Ganzhou(Panlong)	食₁
	Dayu	食₁
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	食₁
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Yangxi(Tangkou)	食₁
	Yangchun(Sanjia)	食₁
	Xinyi(Sihe)	食₁
	Xinyi(Qianpai)	食₁
	Gaozhou(Xindong)	食₁
	Maoming(Shalang, Dianbai)	食₁
	Huazhou(Xin'an)	食₁
	Lianjiang(Shijiao)	食₁
	Lianjiang(Qingping)	食₁
	Mengshan(Xihe)	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Luchuan(Daqiao)	食₁
	Beiliu(Tang'an)	食₁
	Mashan(Pianlian)	食₁
	Senai(Huiyang)	食₁
	Kuching(Hepo)	食₁
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa(Hepo)	食₁
	Singapore(Meixian)	食₁
	Singapore(Dabu)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	吃
Northern Min	Jian'ou	饁
	Songxi	饁
	Zhenghe	饁
	Jianyang	饁
	Wuyishan	饁
	Pucheng(Shibei)	饁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	食₃
	Fuzhou(Changle)	食₃
	Fuqing	食₃
	Yongtai	食₃
	Gutian	食₃
	Fu'an	食₃
	Ningde	食₃
	Shouning	食₃
	Zhouning	食₃
	Fuding	食₃
	Matsu	食₃
	Singapore(Fuqing)	食₃
	Sitiawan(Gutian)	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	食₃,捋 slang,唵 childish
	Quanzhou	食₃,煰,捋 slang
	Jinjiang	食₃
	Yongchun	食₃
	Zhangzhou	食₃,捋 slang,唵 childish
	Zhao'an	食₃
	Taipei	食₃
	New Taipei(Sanxia)	食₃
	Kaohsiung	食₃
	Yilan	食₃
	Changhua(Lukang)	食₃
	Taichung	食₃
	Tainan	食₃
	Hsinchu	食₃
	Kinmen	食₃
	Penghu(Magong)	食₃
	Penang(Hokkien)	食₃
	Singapore(Hokkien)	食₃
	Manila(Hokkien)	食₃,唵唵 childish
	Medan(Hokkien)	食₃
	Longyan	食₃
	Zhangping	食₃
	Zhangping(Yongfu)	食₃
	Pingnan(Shangdu)	食₃
	Chaozhou	食₃
	Shantou	食₃
	Shantou(Chenghai)	食₃
	Shantou(Chaoyang)	食₃
	Jieyang	食₃
	Haifeng	食₃
	Bangkok(Teochew)	食₃
	Johor Bahru(Teochew)	食₃
	Singapore(Teochew)	食₃
	Batam(Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak(Teochew)	食₃
	Wenchang	食₃
	Haikou	食₃
	Qionghai	食₃
	Singapore(Hainanese)	食₃
Puxian Min	Putian	食₃
Puxian Min	Xianyou	食₃
Central Min	Yong'an	饁
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	吃
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Sanxiang)	食₃
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Tingzi)	吃
Northern Pinghua	Guilin(Dahe)	吃
Wu	Shanghai	吃
	Shanghai(Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Wenzhou	吃
	Jinhua	吃
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃

Dialectal synonyms of喝 (“to drink”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		飲
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		喝
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	喝
	Taiwan	喝
	Harbin	喝
	Malaysia	喝
	Singapore	喝
	Olginsky(Mikhaylovka)	喝
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	喝
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	喝
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	喝
	Wanrong	喝
	Xi'an	喝
	Xining	喝
	Xuzhou	喝,吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	喝
	Lanzhou	喝
	Ürümqi	喝
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吃,喝
	Wuhan	喝,呵,汩
	Guiyang	吃,喝,汩
	Guilin	喝
	Liuzhou	吃,喝
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吃,喝
	Yangzhou	吃,喝
	Hefei	喝
Cantonese	Guangzhou	飲,呷
	Hong Kong	飲,呷
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	飲
	Macau	飲
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	飲
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	飲
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	飲
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	飲
	Foshan	飲
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	飲
	Foshan(Shunde)	飲
	Foshan(Sanshui)	飲
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	飲
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	飲
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	飲
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	飲
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	飲
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	飲
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	飲
	Taishan	飲
	Kaiping(Chikan)	飲
	Enping(Niujiang)	飲
	Heshan(Yayao)	飲
	Dongguan	飲,食₁,呷
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	飲
	Yangjiang	呷,吃
	Wuzhou	飲
	Hepu(Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu(Shatian)	飲
	Qinzhou	飲
	Qinzhou(Xiniujiao)	飲
	Beihai	食₁
	Beihai(Nankang)	飲
	Beihai(Yingpan)	飲
	Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	飲
	Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	飲
	Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)	飲,食₁
	Danzhou	吃
	Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	飲
	Penang(Guangfu)	飲
	Singapore(Guangfu)	飲
	Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)	飲
	Móng Cái	飲
Gan	Nanchang	吃
	Lichuan	吃
	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁,啉,飲,啜
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	飲
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong(Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	食₁
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	食₁,飲
	Wuhua(Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua(Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan(Bendihua)	食₁
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	飲
	Jiexi	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping(Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou(Shexi)	食₁
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	食₁,啉,飲
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁,啉,飲
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁,啉,飲
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁,啉,飲
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁,啉,飲
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	啉,食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Kuching(Hepo)	食₁,飲,啉
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa(Hepo)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	喝
Jin	Xinzhou	喝
Northern Min	Jian'ou	啜,饁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	啜,食₃
	Singapore(Fuqing)	食₃
	Sitiawan(Gutian)	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	啉,食₃,哈 alcohol,啜 usually soup
	Xiamen(Tong'an)	啉
	Quanzhou	啉,食₃,哈 alcohol,啜 usually soup
	Jinjiang	啉
	Zhangzhou	啉,食₃,啜 usually soup
	Zhao'an	食₃,啉
	Taipei	啉
	New Taipei(Sanxia)	啉
	Kaohsiung	啉
	Yilan	啉,哈,食₃
	Changhua(Lukang)	啉
	Taichung	啉
	Tainan	啉,哈,食₃,灌
	Hsinchu	啉,哈
	Kinmen	啉
	Penghu(Magong)	食₃,啉
	Penang(Hokkien)	啉
	Singapore(Hokkien)	啉
	Manila(Hokkien)	啉
	Medan(Hokkien)	啉
	Chaozhou	食₃,啉
	Shantou	食₃,啉
	Shantou(Chenghai)	食₃,啉
	Jieyang	食₃,啉
	Haifeng	食₃
	Singapore(Teochew)	食₃
	Batam(Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak(Teochew)	食₃,啉
	Leizhou	啜,食₃
	Wenchang	啜,食₃
	Haikou	啜,食₃
	Qionghai	啜,食₃
	Singapore(Hainanese)	食₃,啜
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	飲
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Sanxiang)	飲
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Tingzi)	飲,吃,呷
Wu	Shanghai	吃,呷,呼
	Shanghai(Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃,呷,呼
	Danyang	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Hangzhou(Yuhang)	吃
	Ningbo	吃
	Wenzhou	呷,吃
	Jinhua	吃,呷
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃,呵

Dialectal synonyms of吃 (“(board games) to capture”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	吃
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Liuzhou	吃
Cantonese	Hong Kong	食₁
Cantonese	Taishan	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
Hakka	Guangzhou(Zhengguo, Zengcheng)	食₁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	食₃
Southern Min	Leizhou	食₃
Wu	Shanghai	吃

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

trad.		食
simp.^#		食
alternative forms		𠊊

The*s- causative of Etymology 1.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):sì (si⁴)
(Zhuyin):ㄙˋ
Cantonese(Jyutping):zi⁶
Eastern Min(BUC):sê̤ṳ
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):sū
(Teochew,Peng'im):se⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:sì
  - Zhuyin:ㄙˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:sìh
  - Wade–Giles:ssŭ⁴
  - Yale:sz̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:syh
  - Palladius:сы(sy)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sz̩⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:zi⁶
  - Yale:jih
  - Cantonese Pinyin:dzi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization:ji⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡siː²²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:sê̤ṳ
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/søy²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:sū
  - Tâi-lô:sū
  - Phofsit Daibuun:su
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen):/su²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im:se⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:sṳ̆
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sɯ³⁵/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*s-m-lək-s/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	食
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sì
Middle Chinese	‹ zi^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s-m-lək-s/
English	feed (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

[edit]

食

Original form of飼／饲 (sì, “tofeed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).
- 故孝子不以食其親，忠臣不以食其君。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  故孝子不以食其亲，忠臣不以食其君。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From:Mozi,c. 4^th centuryBCE
  Gù xiàozǐ bù yǐsì qí qīn, zhōngchén bù yǐsì qí jūn.[Pinyin]
  Thus a filial son will notfeed it (the medicine) to his parent and a loyal minister will notfeed it (the medicine) to his king.
- 母食我甘酪與粉餌兮，父衣我以綵衣。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  母食我甘酪与粉饵兮，父衣我以彩衣。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: 【夢】李叔同
  Mǔshí wǒ gān lào yǔ fěn'ěr xī, fù yī wǒ yǐ cǎi yī.[Pinyin]
  Motherfeeds me sweet cream and powder, father dresses me in colorful clothes.

Etymology 3

[edit]

trad.		食
simp.^#		食
alternative forms		吃𠋡Eastern Min 呷Southern Min 噍Southern Min

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min*tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructsProto-Min*dziak (in Norman's system).

While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991;Klöter, 2005;Fuehrer and Yang, 2014).Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from嚼 (“to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Eastern Min(BUC):siăh^→siĕh
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):sia⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):chia̍h /chiā /chǎ
(Teochew,Peng'im):ziah⁸
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):jia⁶

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:siăh^→siĕh
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/sieʔ⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:sia⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:sia̍h
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɬia¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:sia⁷
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɬia²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Tainan,Taichung,Hsinchu,Lukang,Kinmen,Magong,Penang,Singapore,Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:chia̍h
  - Tâi-lô:tsia̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun:ciah
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Tainan,Penang):/t͡siaʔ⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Singapore):/t͡siaʔ⁴³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Lukang):/t͡siaʔ³⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/t͡siaʔ¹²¹/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Philippines):/t͡siaʔ²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kinmen):/t͡siaʔ⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien:Sanxia,Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:chiā
  - Tâi-lô:tsiā
  - Phofsit Daibuun:cia
  - SinologicalIPA (Yilan):/t͡sia³³/
- (Hokkien:Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:chǎ
  - Tâi-lô:tsǎ
  - SinologicalIPA (Longyan):/t͡sa⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im:ziah⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:tsia̍h
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡siaʔ⁴/
- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin:jia⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/t͡sia³³/

Definitions

[edit]

食

(Coastal Min) toeat; to have ameal; totake in
食飯／食饭[Hokkien] ― chia̍h-pn̄g[Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― toeat rice; to have a meal
汝食飽未？／汝食饱未？[Hokkien] ― Líchia̍h pá bōe?[Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Have youeaten yet?
(Coastal Min) todrink
食茶[Teochew] ― ziah⁸ tê⁵[Peng'im] ― todrink tea
食燒酒／食烧酒[Hokkien] ― chia̍h sio-chiú[Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― todrink rice wine
(Coastal Min) totake in; toinhale; tosmoke
食薰[Hokkien] ― chia̍h-hun[Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― toinhale smoke; to smoke
(Southern Min) toembezzle; tomisappropriate(money)
食鐳／食镭[Hokkien] ― chia̍h-lui[Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― toembezzle money
(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min, board games) tocapture
(Southern Min) toconsume; touse up
(Hokkien) tosuffer; toendure; tobear
(Hokkien, mahjong) tochow
(Hokkien, Leizhou Min) todine at(a certain food establishment)
食菜館／食菜馆[Hokkien] ― chia̍h-chhài-koán[Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― todine at a restaurant
(Southern Min) torely on; todepend on
(Hokkien, Leizhou Min) toengage in; toundertake; todo(for a living)
(Southern Min) tolive; togrow up
(Mainland China Hokkien) topick on; tobully; topush around
(Mainland China Hokkien) tomake adecision; toresolve to
(Taiwanese Hokkien) tocolour; todye
(Penang Hokkien, Teochew)cuisine
Synonym:菜(cài)
廣東食／广东食[Teochew] ― geng² dang¹ ziah⁸[Peng'im] ― Guangdongfood
- 2021, Catherine Churchman, “Chapter 5: Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak”, inSinophone Southeast Asia: Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas‎^[2] (overall work in English), Brill,→DOI:
  紅毛食[Penang Hokkien,trad.]
  红毛食[Penang Hokkien,simp.]
  Âng-mô͘-chia̍h[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Westernfood
(Leizhou Min) to beeaten away(by insects, etc.)

Usage notes

[edit]

When playing mahjong in Hokkien, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard.

Synonyms

[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of吃 (“to eat”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		食₁
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	吃
	Taiwan	吃
	Harbin	吃,𠯪
	Malaysia	吃
	Singapore	吃
	Olginsky(Mikhaylovka)	吃
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	吃
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吃
	Chongqing	吃
	Wuhan	吃
	Guilin	吃,𠯪 dated
	Liuzhou	吃
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吃
	Yangzhou	吃
	Hefei	吃
Cantonese	Guangzhou	食₁,吃
	Hong Kong	食₁,吃
	Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong(Ting Kok)	食₁
	Hong Kong(Tung Ping Chau)	食₁
	Macau	食₁
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	食₁
	Foshan	食₁
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	食₁
	Foshan(Shunde)	食₁
	Foshan(Sanshui)	食₁
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	吃
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	吃
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	吃
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	吃
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	吃
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	食₁
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	吃
	Taishan	吃
	Kaiping(Chikan)	吃
	Enping(Niujiang)	吃
	Heshan(Yayao)	食₁
	Dongguan	食₁
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	食₁
	Shenzhen(Dapeng)	食₁
	Qingyuan	食₁
	Fogang	食₁
	Yingde(Hanguang)	食₁
	Yangshan	吃
	Lianshan(Butian)	吃
	Lianzhou(Qingshui; Sihui)	吃
	Shaoguan	食₁
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	食₁
	Renhua	食₁
	Lechang	食₁
	Zhaoqing(Gaoyao)	吃
	Sihui	吃
	Guangning	吃
	Deqing	吃
	Huaiji	吃
	Fengkai(Nanfeng)	吃
	Yunfu	食₁
	Xinxing	吃
	Luoding	食₁
	Yunan(Pingtai)	吃
	Yangjiang	吃
	Xinyi	食₁
	Maoming(Xinpo)	食₁
	Lianjiang	食₁
	Wuchuan(Wuyang)	吃
	Nanning	食₁
	Wuzhou	食₁
	Yulin	吃
	Hepu(Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu(Shatian)	吃
	Guiping	食₁
	Mengshan(Xihe)	吃
	Guigang(Nanjiang)	吃
	Beiliu(Tangliao)	吃
	Baise	吃
Bobai	吃
Lingshan	吃
Pubei	吃
Qinzhou	食₁
Qinzhou(Xiniujiao)	吃
Beihai	食₁
Beihai(Nankang)	食₁
Beihai(Yingpan)	吃,食₁
Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	食₁
Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	食₁
Ningming	食₁
Hengzhou	吃
Hezhou(Pumen, Babu)	吃
Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)	食₁
Danzhou	吃
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	食₁
Penang(Guangfu)	食₁
Singapore(Guangfu)	食₁
Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)	食₁
Móng Cái	食₁
Gan	Nanchang	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	食₁
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong(Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	食₁
	Boluo(Bendihua)	食₁
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan(Wuguishan)	食₁
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	食₁
	Wuhua(Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua(Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan(Bendihua)	食₁
	Zijin	食₁
	Longchuan(Tuocheng; Bendihua)	食₁
	Heping(Linzhai; Bendihua)	食₁
	Lianping(Longjie; Bendihua)	食₁
	Wengyuan	食₁
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Liannan	食₁
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	食₁
	Jiexi	食₁
	Luhe	食₁
	Zhao'an(Xiuzhuan)	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping(Yanqian)	食₁
	Wuping(Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou(Shexi)	食₁
	Tonggu(Sandu)	食₁
	Ganzhou(Panlong)	食₁
	Dayu	食₁
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	食₁
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Yangxi(Tangkou)	食₁
	Yangchun(Sanjia)	食₁
	Xinyi(Sihe)	食₁
	Xinyi(Qianpai)	食₁
	Gaozhou(Xindong)	食₁
	Maoming(Shalang, Dianbai)	食₁
	Huazhou(Xin'an)	食₁
	Lianjiang(Shijiao)	食₁
	Lianjiang(Qingping)	食₁
	Mengshan(Xihe)	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Luchuan(Daqiao)	食₁
	Beiliu(Tang'an)	食₁
	Mashan(Pianlian)	食₁
	Senai(Huiyang)	食₁
	Kuching(Hepo)	食₁
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa(Hepo)	食₁
	Singapore(Meixian)	食₁
	Singapore(Dabu)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	吃
Northern Min	Jian'ou	饁
	Songxi	饁
	Zhenghe	饁
	Jianyang	饁
	Wuyishan	饁
	Pucheng(Shibei)	饁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	食₃
	Fuzhou(Changle)	食₃
	Fuqing	食₃
	Yongtai	食₃
	Gutian	食₃
	Fu'an	食₃
	Ningde	食₃
	Shouning	食₃
	Zhouning	食₃
	Fuding	食₃
	Matsu	食₃
	Singapore(Fuqing)	食₃
	Sitiawan(Gutian)	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	食₃,捋 slang,唵 childish
	Quanzhou	食₃,煰,捋 slang
	Jinjiang	食₃
	Yongchun	食₃
	Zhangzhou	食₃,捋 slang,唵 childish
	Zhao'an	食₃
	Taipei	食₃
	New Taipei(Sanxia)	食₃
	Kaohsiung	食₃
	Yilan	食₃
	Changhua(Lukang)	食₃
	Taichung	食₃
	Tainan	食₃
	Hsinchu	食₃
	Kinmen	食₃
	Penghu(Magong)	食₃
	Penang(Hokkien)	食₃
	Singapore(Hokkien)	食₃
	Manila(Hokkien)	食₃,唵唵 childish
	Medan(Hokkien)	食₃
	Longyan	食₃
	Zhangping	食₃
	Zhangping(Yongfu)	食₃
	Pingnan(Shangdu)	食₃
	Chaozhou	食₃
	Shantou	食₃
	Shantou(Chenghai)	食₃
	Shantou(Chaoyang)	食₃
	Jieyang	食₃
	Haifeng	食₃
	Bangkok(Teochew)	食₃
	Johor Bahru(Teochew)	食₃
	Singapore(Teochew)	食₃
	Batam(Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak(Teochew)	食₃
	Wenchang	食₃
	Haikou	食₃
	Qionghai	食₃
	Singapore(Hainanese)	食₃
Puxian Min	Putian	食₃
Puxian Min	Xianyou	食₃
Central Min	Yong'an	饁
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	吃
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Sanxiang)	食₃
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Tingzi)	吃
Northern Pinghua	Guilin(Dahe)	吃
Wu	Shanghai	吃
	Shanghai(Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Wenzhou	吃
	Jinhua	吃
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃

Dialectal synonyms of喝 (“to drink”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		飲
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		喝
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	喝
	Taiwan	喝
	Harbin	喝
	Malaysia	喝
	Singapore	喝
	Olginsky(Mikhaylovka)	喝
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	喝
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	喝
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	喝
	Wanrong	喝
	Xi'an	喝
	Xining	喝
	Xuzhou	喝,吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	喝
	Lanzhou	喝
	Ürümqi	喝
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吃,喝
	Wuhan	喝,呵,汩
	Guiyang	吃,喝,汩
	Guilin	喝
	Liuzhou	吃,喝
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吃,喝
	Yangzhou	吃,喝
	Hefei	喝
Cantonese	Guangzhou	飲,呷
	Hong Kong	飲,呷
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	飲
	Macau	飲
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	飲
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	飲
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	飲
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	飲
	Foshan	飲
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	飲
	Foshan(Shunde)	飲
	Foshan(Sanshui)	飲
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	飲
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	飲
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	飲
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	飲
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	飲
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	飲
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	飲
	Taishan	飲
	Kaiping(Chikan)	飲
	Enping(Niujiang)	飲
	Heshan(Yayao)	飲
	Dongguan	飲,食₁,呷
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	飲
	Yangjiang	呷,吃
	Wuzhou	飲
	Hepu(Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu(Shatian)	飲
	Qinzhou	飲
	Qinzhou(Xiniujiao)	飲
	Beihai	食₁
	Beihai(Nankang)	飲
	Beihai(Yingpan)	飲
	Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	飲
	Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	飲
	Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)	飲,食₁
	Danzhou	吃
	Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	飲
	Penang(Guangfu)	飲
	Singapore(Guangfu)	飲
	Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)	飲
	Móng Cái	飲
Gan	Nanchang	吃
	Lichuan	吃
	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁,啉,飲,啜
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	飲
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong(Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	食₁
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	食₁,飲
	Wuhua(Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua(Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan(Bendihua)	食₁
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	飲
	Jiexi	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping(Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou(Shexi)	食₁
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	食₁,啉,飲
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁,啉,飲
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁,啉,飲
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁,啉,飲
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁,啉,飲
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	啉,食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Kuching(Hepo)	食₁,飲,啉
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa(Hepo)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	喝
Jin	Xinzhou	喝
Northern Min	Jian'ou	啜,饁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	啜,食₃
	Singapore(Fuqing)	食₃
	Sitiawan(Gutian)	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	啉,食₃,哈 alcohol,啜 usually soup
	Xiamen(Tong'an)	啉
	Quanzhou	啉,食₃,哈 alcohol,啜 usually soup
	Jinjiang	啉
	Zhangzhou	啉,食₃,啜 usually soup
	Zhao'an	食₃,啉
	Taipei	啉
	New Taipei(Sanxia)	啉
	Kaohsiung	啉
	Yilan	啉,哈,食₃
	Changhua(Lukang)	啉
	Taichung	啉
	Tainan	啉,哈,食₃,灌
	Hsinchu	啉,哈
	Kinmen	啉
	Penghu(Magong)	食₃,啉
	Penang(Hokkien)	啉
	Singapore(Hokkien)	啉
	Manila(Hokkien)	啉
	Medan(Hokkien)	啉
	Chaozhou	食₃,啉
	Shantou	食₃,啉
	Shantou(Chenghai)	食₃,啉
	Jieyang	食₃,啉
	Haifeng	食₃
	Singapore(Teochew)	食₃
	Batam(Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak(Teochew)	食₃,啉
	Leizhou	啜,食₃
	Wenchang	啜,食₃
	Haikou	啜,食₃
	Qionghai	啜,食₃
	Singapore(Hainanese)	食₃,啜
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	飲
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Sanxiang)	飲
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Tingzi)	飲,吃,呷
Wu	Shanghai	吃,呷,呼
	Shanghai(Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃,呷,呼
	Danyang	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Hangzhou(Yuhang)	吃
	Ningbo	吃
	Wenzhou	呷,吃
	Jinhua	吃,呷
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃,呵

Dialectal synonyms of吃 (“(board games) to capture”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	吃
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Liuzhou	吃
Cantonese	Hong Kong	食₁
Cantonese	Taishan	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
Hakka	Guangzhou(Zhengguo, Zengcheng)	食₁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	食₃
Southern Min	Leizhou	食₃
Wu	Shanghai	吃

Dialectal synonyms of吃 (“to chow (mahjong)”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	吃
Cantonese	Hong Kong	上
Southern Min	Taipei	食₃ GT
	Singapore(Hokkien)	食₃
	Manila(Hokkien)	食₃
Wu	Ningbo	吃
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

[edit]

歪喙雞食好米 /歪喙鸡食好米(oai chhùi ke chia̍h hó bí)(Min Nan)
歹食(pháiⁿ-chia̍h)(Min Nan)
討食 /讨食(thó-chia̍h)(Min Nan)
趁食(thàn-chia̍h)(Min Nan)
食好鬥相報 /食好斗相报(chia̍h hó tàu sio-pò)(Min Nan)
食暗(chia̍h-àm)(Min Nan)
食老(chia̍h-lāu)(Min Nan)
食頭路 /食头路(chia̍h-thâu-lō͘)(Min Nan)
食飽 /食饱(chia̍h-pá)(Min Nan)

Descendants

[edit]

→ Indonesian:ciak
→ Thai:เจี๊ยะ(jía)

Etymology 4

[edit]

trad.		食
simp.^#		食

FromProto-Min*jiap or*jiat(“to eat”). While sometimes considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it may be from饁(*ɢrab,“to carry food to workers in the field”) (Norman, 1991;Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Northern Min(KCR):iè

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:iè
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/iɛ⁴²/

Definitions

[edit]

食

(Inland Min)alternative form of饁 /馌(“toeat”)

Etymology 5

[edit]

trad.		食
simp.^#		食

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):yì (yi⁴)
(Zhuyin):ㄧˋ
Cantonese(Jyutping):ji⁶
Southern Min(Hokkien,POJ):ī

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:yì
  - Zhuyin:ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:yì
  - Wade–Giles:i⁴
  - Yale:yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:yih
  - Palladius:и(i)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:ji⁶
  - Yale:yih
  - Cantonese Pinyin:ji⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization:yi⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/jiː²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:ī
  - Tâi-lô:ī
  - Phofsit Daibuun:i
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen):/i²²/

Middle Chinese:yiH

Rime
Character	食
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	羊吏切
Baxter	yiH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/jɨ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ie^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨ^H/
Li Rong	/iə^H/
Wang Li	/jĭə^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang):/*lɯɡs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	食
Reading #	1/2
No.	11476
Phonetic component	食
Rime group	代
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	異
Old Chinese	/*lɯɡs/

Definitions

[edit]

食

Used in an ancient personal name.
酈食其／郦食其 ― LìYìjī ― Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

References

[edit]

“食”, in漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[3],香港中文大學 (theChinese University of Hong Kong),2014–
“食”, in教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien),Ministry of Education, R.O.C.,2025.

Japanese

[edit]

Shinjitai	食
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]	食󠄁 食+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	食󠄃 食+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. Seehere for details.

Kanji

[edit]

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 食

食

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

toeat
ameal

Readings

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese食 (MC zyik); compareMandarin 食 (shí):

Go-on:じき(jiki,Jōyō^†)
Kan-on:しょく(shoku,Jōyō)^{←しよく(syoku,historical)}

FromMiddle Chinese食 (MC ziH); compareMandarin 食 (sì):

Go-on:じ(ji)
Kan-on:し(shi)

FromMiddle Chinese食 (MC yiH); compareMandarin 食 (yì):

Go-on:い(i)
Kan-on:い(i)

From nativeJapanese roots:

Kun:くう(kuu,食う,Jōyō)^{←くふ(kufu,食ふ,historical)}、くらう(kurau,食らう,Jōyō)^{←くらふ(kurafu,食らふ,historical)}、たべる(taberu,食べる,Jōyō)、はむ(hamu,食む)、すく(suku,食く)、おし(oshi,食し)、おす(osu,食す)、たぐ(tagu,食ぐ)、たぶ(tabu,食ぶ)、いい(ī,食)^{←いひ(ifi,食,historical)}、うか(uka,食)、うけ(uke,食)、け(ke,食)、し(shi,食)、く(ku,食)、めし(meshi,食)
Nanori:あき(aki)、あきら(akira)、うけ(uke)、くら(kura)、け(ke)、みけ(mike)

Compounds

[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1

[edit]

Kanji in this term
食
うか Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Bound apophonic form of食(うけ)(uke) below.

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ka̠]

This entry needs anaudio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, pleaserecord this word. The recorded pronunciationwill appear here when it's ready.

Noun

[edit]

食(うか)• (uka)

Etymology 2

[edit]

Kanji in this term
食
うけ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

/uka/ +/i/ →⟨uke₂⟩ → */ukəj/ →/uke/.

Unbound apophonic form of食(うか)(uka) above.

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ke̞]

Noun

[edit]

食(うけ)• (uke)

food

Etymology 3

[edit]

Kanji in this term
食
け Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Cognate with笥 (ke).

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): [ke̞]

Noun

[edit]

食(け)• (ke)

food
御(み)食(け)つ国(くに)
mike tsu kuni
the land offoods

Etymology 4

[edit]

Kanji in this term
食
しょく Grade: 2
on'yomi

FromMiddle Chinese食 (MC zyik).

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)しょく[shòkú] (Heiban – [0])^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ɕo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

[edit]

食(しょく)• (shoku) ^{←しよく(syoku)^?}

Derived terms

[edit]

Derived terms

Etymology 5

[edit]

Kanji in this term
食
しょく Grade: 2
kan'on

Alternative spelling
蝕

FromMiddle Chinese蝕 (MC zyik, “to eat away at, to erode; to eclipse”), originally the same word inOld Chinese as食 (MC zyik, “to eat”).

First attested in the延喜式 (Engishiki) of 927.^[5]

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)しょく[shóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ɕo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

[edit]

食(しょく)• (shoku) ^{←しよく(syoku)^?}

[from 927]食,蝕:(astronomy)eclipse(often, but not exclusively, of thesun or themoon)
Synonyms:日食(nisshoku,“solar eclipse”),月食(gesshoku,“lunar eclipse”)
- 2015,田原真人,これだけ! 高校物理波･音･光波動編,秀和システム,→ISBN,page97:
  レーマーが木(もく)星(せい)の衛(えい)星(せい)の１(ひと)つであるイオの食(しょく)の周(しゅう)期(き)を測(そく)定(てい)したところ、一(いっ)定(てい)ではなく、地(ち)球(きゅう)の公(こう)転(てん)に伴(ともな)い変(へん)動(どう)することがわかりました。
  Rēmā ga Mokusei no eisei no hitotsu de aru Io noshoku no shūki o sokutei shita tokoro, ittei de wa naku, Chikyū no kōten ni tomonai hendō suru koto ga wakarimashita.
  When Rømer measured the period of theeclipses of Io, one of Jupiter's satellites, he discovered that it was not constant but fluctuated with the Earth's revolution.

Derived terms

[edit]

食(しょく)する(shokusuru)

References

[edit]

^Haga, Gōtarō (1914),漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition,Tōkyō: Kōbunsha,→DOI, page2332 (paper), page1218 (digital)
^Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927),新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese),Ōsaka: Shōundō,→DOI, page 1372 (paper), page699 (digital)
↑^3.0^3.1Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011),新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
↑^4.0^4.1Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
^“蝕・食”, in日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2006