- to have a dynasty change
- Attested earliest in theClassic of Changes,Book of Documents, and theLost Book of Zhou.
- "to revolt" → "to revolutionize", "revolution", "revolutionary (adj.)"
The modern sense was re-adapted by Japanese intellectuals to translate political literature from the West in the pre-Meiji period, notablyNakae Chōmin's 1887 translation ofJean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Social Contract," titled民約訳解(min'yakuyakukai).
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) |
|---|
| Character | 革 | 革 | 命 |
|---|
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
|---|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) | gé | gé | mìng |
|---|
Middle
Chinese | ‹ kɛk › | ‹ kɛk › | ‹ mjængH › |
|---|
Old
Chinese | /*kˁrək/ | /*kˁrək/ | /*m-riŋ-s/ (dialect: *m-r- > *mr-, *-iŋ> *-eŋ) |
|---|
| English | hide, skin | change (v.) | command (n.) |
|---|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) |
|---|
| Character | 革 | 命 |
|---|
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
|---|
| No. | 3835 | 8275 |
|---|
Phonetic
component | 革 | 令 |
|---|
Rime
group | 職 | 耕 |
|---|
Rime
subdivision | 0 | 0 |
|---|
Corresponding
MC rime | 隔 | 命 |
|---|
Old
Chinese | /*krɯːɡ/ | /*mreŋs/ |
|---|
| Notes | | 令轉註字 |
|---|
革命
- torevolt; to start arevolution
- (figurative) torevolutionize; totransformcompletely
- (archaic) to have adynasticchange,(i.e. tochange/remove theMandate of Heaven in accordance with the latter's will)
湯武革命，順乎天而應乎人，革之時大矣哉！[Classical Chinese,trad.]
汤武革命，顺乎天而应乎人，革之时大矣哉！[Classical Chinese,simp.]- From:I Ching[11th - 8th century BCE]; translated by Adler (2020)[2]
- Tāng Wǔgémìng, shùn hū tiān ér yìng hū rén, gé zhī shí dà yǐ zāi![Pinyin]
- [Kings] Tang and Wuchanged the Mandate, complying with Heaven and responding to their people. The time of change is great indeed!
桀為暴虐，諸夷内侵，殷湯革命，伐而定之。[Literary Chinese,trad.]
桀为暴虐，诸夷内侵，殷汤革命，伐而定之。[Literary Chinese,simp.]- From: TheBook of the Later Han, circa 5th centuryCE
- Jié wéi bàonüè, zhū yí nèi qīn, Yīn-Tānggémìng, fá ér dìng zhī.[Pinyin]
- WhenJie became tyrannically oppresive, the various Barbarian tribes gradually advanced to invade the kingdom; andTang of Yinanew received the celestial decree to subdue and settle the state.
革命
- revolution(political upheaval or sudden change in a situation or discipline)
- 以革命的名義／以革命的名义 ― yǐgémìng de míngyì ― in the name ofrevolution
革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力。[MSC,trad. andsimp.]- From:1923,孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen)
- Gémìng shàngwèi chénggōng, tóngzhì réng xū nǔlì.[Pinyin]
- Therevolution is not over yet. Comrades still have to work hard.
革命是暴動，是一個階級推翻一個階級的暴烈的行動。[MSC,trad.]
革命是暴动，是一个阶级推翻一个阶级的暴烈的行动。[MSC,simp.]- From:1927,毛澤東 (Mao Zedong),《湖南農民運動考察報告》 (Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan),《毛澤東選集》. English translation based onthe Foreign Languages Press edition
- Gémìng shì bàodòng, shì yīge jiējí tuīfān yīge jiējí de bàoliè de xíngdòng.[Pinyin]
- Arevolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.
革命不是請客吃飯。[MSC,trad.]
革命不是请客吃饭。[MSC,simp.]- From:1927,毛澤東 (Mao Zedong),《湖南農民運動考察報告》 (Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan),《毛澤東選集》. English translation based onthe Foreign Languages Press edition
- Gémìng bùshì qǐngkè chīfàn.[Pinyin]
- Revolution is not [just] inviting guests to eat a meal.
革命
- (attributive)revolutionary
- 革命軍／革命军 ― gémìng jūn ― revolutionary army
- 昂揚的革命精神／昂扬的革命精神 ― ángyáng degémìng jīngshén ― elatedrevolutionary spirit
- ^Legge, James, transl. (1882) [c. 11th - 8th century BCE],TheYî king (The Sacred Books of the East; XVI), Oxford: Clarendon Press, translation of易經,page254
- ↑2.02.1Adler, Joseph A., transl. (2020) [12th century CE],The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change, New York: Columbia University Press, translation of周易本義 by朱熹 [Zhu Xi], page214
- ^Willman, Marshall D. (2010), “Logical Analysis and Later Mohist Logic: Some Comparative Reflections”, inComparative Philosophy, volume 1, number 1, page 74 of 53-77
- ^Dutton, George (2015), “革命, Cách Mạng, Révolution: The early history of “revolution” in Việt Nam”, inJournal of Southeast Asian Studies, volume46, number 1, page 12-13 of 4–31
FromMiddle Chinese革命 (MC keak mjaengH, “to switch to a new dynasty/regime”). This word has been used for a long time in Japan, starting from the introduction ofI Ching (易經). Fukuzawa Yukichi (福󠄁澤 諭󠄀吉), inWestern Affairs (『西洋事情』, 1866–1870), used this word as a translation of the English word "revolution", and it was later popularised by Nakae Chōmin (中江 兆民) and others.
革命• (kakumei)
- arevolution; acoup d'état
- Synonym:レボリューション(reboryūshon)
2002 July 18, “逃げまどう民 [People Running About]”, inユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union],Konami: - いつも苦しみに耐えているが、いつか必ず革命を起こすと心に誓っている。
- Itsumo kurushimi ni taeteiru ga, itsuka kanarazukakumei o okosu to kokoro ni chikatteiru.
- Although they always suffer in silence, they swear an oath to inevitably revolt.
2002 July 18, “団結するレジスタンス [United Resistance]”, inユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union],Konami: - 強大な力に立ち向かう誓いを交わすために集結した人々。革命の日は近い。
- Kyōdai na chikara ni tachimukau chikai o kawasu tame ni shūketsu shita hitobito.Kakumei no hi wa chikai.
- People are gathering to swear an oath to revolt against their oppressors. The revolution is drawing nigh.
- one of thesankaku in traditional cosmology; a year often accompanied by change
- ^Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
- ^NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN
- ^Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997),新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al.,Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan,→ISBN.
革命• (hyeongmyeong) (hangeul혁명)
- hanja form? of혁명(“revolution”)
革命
- chữ Hán form ofcách mệnh(“revolution”)
